Doble v. Lincoln County Title Co.
Decision Date | 04 January 1985 |
Docket Number | No. 84-215,84-215 |
Citation | 215 Mont. 1,42 St.Rep. 128,692 P.2d 1267 |
Parties | John W. DOBLE and Joyce L. Doble, husband and wife, Plaintiffs and Respondents, v. LINCOLN COUNTY TITLE COMPANY, a Montana corp., Defendant and Appellant, and Safeco Title Insurance Company of Idaho, an Idaho corp., Defendant. |
Court | Montana Supreme Court |
Boone, Karlberg & Haddon, Sam E. Haddon (argued) Missoula, for Lincoln County Title.
Oleson & DeJana; Richard DeJana, Kalispell, for Safeco Title Ins. Co.
Jonkel & Kemmis, Daniel O. Kemmis (argued) Missoula, for plaintiffs and respondent.
This appeal arises from a negligence action against Lincoln County Title Company. Judgment was entered in the District Court of Lincoln County against Lincoln County Title Company alone following a trial by jury. Lincoln County Title Company appeals. We reverse and remand for a new trial.
(1) Whether plaintiff failed to establish a prima facie case of negligence in the absence of expert testimony on the standard of care required of a title insurance company?
(2) Whether the verdict and judgment against Lincoln County Title Company was contrary to law and the evidence?
(3) Whether it was error for the District Court to refuse Lincoln County Title's proposed instructions no. 37 and no. 39?
John W. Doble and his wife, Joyce L. Doble, plaintiffs below and respondents herein, jointly owned substantial tracts of real estate in Lincoln County, Montana. Doble's father, John H. Doble, owned other tracts in the same vicinity. In 1966 all of the Dobles brought a quiet title action in the Eleventh Judicial District in Lincoln County, the results of which can be found in Doble v. Talbott (1979), 180 Mont. 166, 589 P.2d 994. In that action, evidence of separate ownership was presented by the parties, i.e. father's ownership separate from son's ownership. The District Court granted judgment for the Dobles in their quiet title action on January 6, 1967, but failed to indicate separate ownership of the tracts in the decree.
In 1975 all the Dobles negotiated to sell their properties to a group from Ohio known as the Amish and a commitment for title insurance was ordered from Lincoln County Title Company, a local agent for Safeco Title Insurance Company.
The title commitment was issued April 30, 1975, containing no reference to the 1966 quiet title action or decree of 1967.
In 1977 a federal court judgment was entered in a wrongful death case against the elder Doble and a writ of execution was levied on all the Doble property. The young Dobles became understandably excited and filed a motion to amend the 1967 judgment nunc pro tunc to reflect the separate ownership. The Nineteenth Judicial District Court granted that motion the same day.
This appeal stems from a case brought against Lincoln County Title and Safeco Title Insurance Company of Idaho to recover, inter alia, attorney's fees incurred by Dobles in the nunc pro tunc action. The theory of recovery was that the defendants were negligent in 1975 when the title commitment for sale of the property to the Amish was issued without setting up the 1967 quiet title decree as an exception.
At the trial below, plaintiffs produced extensive testimony as to the work done in the nunc pro tunc action but no expert testimony as to the standard of care required of a title insurance company. Defendants, however, produced two witnesses, both attorneys, who testified as experts that title standards were not violated in 1975 by issuance of the title commitment without reference to the 1967 title quiet decree.
Whether plaintiff failed to establish a prima facie case of negligence in the absence of expert testimony on the standard of care required of a title insurance company?
While expert testimony has been required in Montana in various medical, dental and drug manufacturing cases, no rule has been established in Montana with regard to title insurers.
In his treatise on torts, Prosser described the standard of care on the part of various professional people:
(Emphasis added.) William L. Prosser, Law of Torts, 4th Ed. (1971), pp. 161-2.
In Montana we have applied similar reasoning in Hill v. Squibb and Sons (1979), 181 Mont. 199, 592 P.2d 1383. This Court required expert testimony on the question of the adequacy of warning on a drug product and stated:
So far as the title insurance company is concerned, the duty in passing on title to real property is similar to a lawyer's duty in the examination of title from a review of the abstract. That duty is summarized in Clinton v. Miller (1951), 124 Mont. 463, 483-84, 226 P.2d 487, as follows:
The plaintiffs failed to present expert testimony with regard to the title standard which they contended the title insurance company must meet; or evidence that their expert witnesses qualified by training and experience to know what the standard was; and that the defendant title insurance company violated the applicable standard.
We hold that the reasoning of the foregoing authorities is applicable here and that the plaintiffs must produce expert testimony to establish the standard of care required of a title insurance company. Title examination is complex and intricate and beyond the common understanding of lay persons. In the absence of such expert testimony, we further hold that the plaintiff failed to establish a prima facie case of negligence in the violation of a standard of care required of a title company.
The Agency Relationship
Whether the verdict and judgment against Lincoln County Title Company was contrary to law and the evidence?
Here, the agreed facts as between the parties were contained in a pre-trial order which in part stated:
In addition, the transcript shows that Lincoln County Title Company at all times was acting as the agent of defendant Safeco Title Insurance Company of Idaho.
In substance, instruction no. 16 told the jury that a principal is bound by the acts of his agent.
We hold that the verdict and judgment against Lincoln County Title Company only is not supported by the evidence. A new trial is required.
Whether is was error for the District Court to refuse Lincoln County Title's proposed instructions no. 37 and no. 39?
These offered instructions are as follows:
Because this case is being sent back for new trial, it is important to rule upon these instructions. The defendant Lincoln County Title Company is entitled to adequate instructions on its theory of the case. As stated by this Court in Wollan v. Lord (1963), 142 Mont. 498, 504...
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