Doe v. Roe

• Decision Date: 04 March 1994
• Citation: 638 So.2d 826
• Parties: 22 Media L. Rep. 1427 Jane DOE v. John ROE, as father and next friend of A, B, and C, minor children. 1921382.
• Court: Alabama Supreme Court

Page 826

638 So.2d 826

22 Media L. Rep. 1427

Jane DOE v. John ROE, as father and next friend of A, B, and C, minor children.

1921382.

Supreme Court of Alabama.

March 4, 1994.

David Gespass and Richard Izzi of Gespass & Izzi, Birmingham, for appellant.

Henry C. Barnett, Jr. of Capell, Howard, Knabe & Cobbs, P.A., Montgomery, for appellee.

PER CURIAM.

The defendant, Jane Doe, appeals from a judgment permanently enjoining distribution of her novel portraying the murder of the natural mother of plaintiff John Roe's adoptive children. We reverse and remand.

I. Facts

In 1984, the natural mother of Roe's adoptive children was murdered by their natural father. The man dismembered his wife's body and buried it under a fish pond in the back yard of the family's home. When her body was discovered approximately three years later, the event and the resulting trial received much publicity. The children's natural father was convicted and is now serving a life sentence in the penitentiary.

After the children's natural father was arrested for the murder of their mother, they remained in the custody of relatives for more than a year. Later, they were adopted by John Roe and his wife, who lived in another area of the state. The children moved to the home of their adoptive parents about a month before the trial of their natural father, and since that time they have been undergoing counseling to enable them to lead normal lives.

Doe wrote a novel based upon the events of the murder. She contacted various commercial publishers, but none was interested in publishing her book. She then invested her own money in publishing the book. She had approximately 1,000 copies printed in hopes that she could distribute the book herself. Roe learned of Doe's plan to distribute this book. As next friend of his minor adoptive children, Roe filed a complaint for an injunction against the distribution of the book.

The trial court entered a temporary restraining order, finding that the minor children were "likely to suffer an unlawful invasion of their privacy and mental solitude with resulting irreparable mental and emotional injuries" if the novel was distributed. On September 18, 1992, the trial court, after a hearing, entered a preliminary injunction. Although the parties had agreed that the September 18 hearing would constitute a final hearing, Doe, who was proceeding pro se, was given two weeks to secure counsel. Doe took no further action within the time allowed, and the court permanently enjoined the distribution of the book.

Doe subsequently obtained counsel. Her counsel filed a motion to set aside the order, but it was denied by operation of law. Thus, Doe appeals.

II. Issue: Constitutionality of Prior Restraint

Although Doe raises several issues on appeal, the dispositive question is whether the injunction violated Article I, § 4, of the Constitution of the State of Alabama. According to Article I, § 4, "no law shall ever be passed to curtail or restrain the liberty of speech or of the press; and any person may speak, write, and publish his sentiments on all subjects, being responsible for the abuse of that liberty." The trial court held that a prior restraint was necessary because, it felt, the distribution of the book would injure the children by invading their right to privacy. We do not agree that Doe's right to freedom of speech as guaranteed by the constitution is overcome by the privacy interests raised in this case.

III. Invasion of Right to Privacy

In Phillips v. Smalley Maintenance Services, Inc., 435 So.2d 705, 708 (Ala.1983), and Johnson v. Corporate Special Services, Inc., 602 So.2d 385, 387 (Ala.1992), this Court referred to the following four distinct wrongs as constituting the tort of invasion of privacy:

"(1) the intrusion upon the plaintiff's physical solitude or seclusion;

"(2) publicity which violates the ordinary decencies;

"(3) putting the plaintiff in a false, but not necessarily defamatory, position in the public eye; and

"(4) the appropriation of some element of the plaintiff's personality for a commercial use."

Phillips, 435 So.2d at 708.

Roe contends that the distribution of this novel will intrude upon his children's privacy, citing all four of these wrongs. He contends that even though the children's names are not used in the novel, they are still identifiable by the events and by the use of their natural parents' real first names in the book. He argues that the fictionalized account of the murder of the children's mother, along with invented dialogue, imaginary incidents, and creative thoughts and feelings attributed to the children will disturb the serenity and privacy of their new lives.

A. Intrusion Upon Physical Solitude and Seclusion and Publicity That Violates the Ordinary Decencies.

This Court has recognized that the tort of invasion of privacy occurs when one intrudes upon a plaintiff's physical solitude or seclusion or wrongfully intrudes into private activities in a manner that would outrage, or cause mental suffering, shame, or humiliation to, a person of ordinary sensibilities. Johnson, 602 So.2d 385, 387. However, in McCaig v. Talladega Publishing Co., 544 So.2d 875, 879 (Ala.1989), this Court stated that the right to privacy does not prohibit the broadcast of a matter that is of legitimate public concern. Thus, like most courts, faced with the competing interests of the right to privacy and the right to freedom of speech, this Court has held that the right to freedom of speech transcends the right to privacy so long as the speech pertains to a matter of public concern. Smith v. Doss, 251 Ala. 250, 37 So.2d 118 (1948); see Peter Felcher and Edward Rubin, Privacy, Publicity, and the Portrayal of Real People by the Media, 88 Yale Law J. 1577 (1979).

In Smith v. Doss, the plaintiffs, the daughters of a man who had been missing, sued the defendant for damages, alleging the tort of invasion of privacy. The plaintiffs claimed that the defendant, a radio station owner, had invaded their right to privacy by broadcasting the events of the disappearance of their father. This Court summarized the right of privacy as

" 'the right of a person to be free from unwarranted publicity' or 'the unwarranted appropriation or exploitation of one's personality, the publicizing of one's private affairs with which the public has no legitimate concern, or the wrongful intrusion into one's private activities in such manner as to outrage or cause mental suffering, shame or humiliation to a person of ordinary sensibilities.' "

251 Ala. at 252-53, 37 So.2d at 120 (quoting a legal encyclopedia).

After summarizing the right of privacy, the Court said that " '[f]requently, the public has an interest in an individual which transcends his right to be left alone' and 'since the whole is greater than its component parts, privacy rights must often yield to public interest.' " Smith v. Doss, 251 Ala. at 253, 37 So.2d at 120. The Court held that the defendant had not violated the plaintiffs' right to privacy because he had only broadcast events of public concern that were already a part of the public record.

Further, in Campbell v. Seabury Press, 614 F.2d 395 (5th Cir.1980), the plaintiff, a former sister-in-law of the defendant, sued the defendant author and his publisher for publishing in his autobiography facts relating to the plaintiff's marriage to the defendant's brother, who was a famous civil rights leader. Citing Smith v. Doss for the proposition that the privilege to publish or broadcast news or other matters of public concern applies to the invasion of privacy tort, the 5th Circuit held that the publication of the defendant's book did not intrude upon the plaintiff's privacy. It stated that because the marriage, as it impacted on the defendant author, was a matter of legitimate public interest (this was not disputed by the plaintiff), the author and publisher did not tortiously invade the plaintiff's privacy by including facts relating to the plaintiff's home life and her marriage with the author's brother.

Unlike the plaintiff in Campbell, Roe argues that the events summarized in Doe's novel are not of legitimate public concern. We disagree. Society's interest in the events surrounding this murder was recognized long before Doe wrote her novel. Like the events surrounding the disappearance and reappearance of the plaintiffs' father in Smith v. Doss, the events of this murder were also outlined in the media and detailed in the trial transcript, which is a matter of public record. Thus, we hold that the events are a matter of public...