Dorgan v. State

• Decision Date: 14 May 1940
• Docket Number: 1 Div. 355.
• Citation: 196 So. 160,29 Ala.App. 362
• Parties: DORGAN v. STATE.
• Court: Alabama Court of Appeals

196 So. 160

29 Ala.App. 362

DORGAN v. STATE.

1 Div. 355.

Court of Appeals of Alabama

May 14, 1940

Appeal from Circuit Court, Mobile County; Claude A. Grayson, Judge.

Edward H., alias Ed., Dorgan was convicted of piloting a vessel without a branch or license as pilot, and he appeals.

Affirmed.

Ed Dorgan, pro se.

Thos. S. Lawson, Atty. Gen., and Noble J Russell, Asst. Atty. Gen. for the State.

SIMPSON Judge.

This case deals with a criminal prosecution under the State Pilotage Commission Act of 1931, specifically Section 28 thereof.

Upon original submission, appellant (defendant in the court below) failed to support the appeal with brief and argument. After submission of the cause, however, and the filing of brief and argument in behalf of appellee by the Attorney General, the appellant did present his brief and argument, pro se, and to which, also, this court has addressed careful consideration.

The appeal is upon the record proper, no bill of exceptions appearing in the transcript. It is thereby disclosed that the proceedings in the lower court were orderly. This review therefore, involves consideration, only of that court's action in overruling of the demurrers to the several counts of the indictment, interposed by the defendant pending trial. For the reasons hereinafter evidently appearing in this opinion, it is unnecessary to here set out either the indictment or demurrers thereto.

The prosecution was for violation of Section 28 of said Act--where the defendant was charged with having engaged in the transaction denounced therein, viz., piloting or conducting a vessel without a branch as pilot. General Acts of Alabama 1931, Act No. 81, p. 154 et seq.

The alleged deficiencies of the indictment, charged by the demurrers, may be, for convenience, grouped, as follows: (1) That the indictment did not, by affirmative averment, deny that the designated vessel (which defendant was charged with having piloted without a license) was exempted under the Alabama statute, supra; (2) to like effect, that the indictment did not affirmatively assert that said vessel was not exempted from the operation of the act by reason of federal law; (3) that said Section 28 of the Alabama Act was inconsistent or in conflict with the U.S. Shipping Act (specifically Section 4444, U.S. Rev. St., 46 U.S.C.A. § 215); and (4) the indictment (this is not true of the first two counts) "undertakes to negative certain exceptions exempting certain vessels from compulsory pilotage, contained in said State Act of 1931, and fails to negative other exceptions exempting certain vessels from compulsory pilotage in such act." No. 7, Demurrers.

(1) Section 28 of the Act under which this prosecution was rested is: "Any person piloting or conducting a vessel in or out of the bay of Mobile, or over the outer bar thereof without a branch as pilot, or after having forfeited or having been deprived of his branch, is entitled to no fee or reward for the service; and in addition thereto shall be punishable by a fine of not less than $25.00 nor more than $100.00 for each offense."

The vessels excepted or exempted (under the State Pilotage Act) from the operation of this Section are not therein listed but appear, elsewhere, in other Sections of the statute. It was, therefore, not necessary to negative these exceptions by averment in the indictment. "The rule is that, when the exception is set out in a separate clause or section from that creating and defining the offense, it is not necessary to negative the exception by averment. Clark v. State, 19 Ala. 552; Carson v. State, 69 Ala. 235; Grattan v. State, 71 Ala. 344; Hyde v. State, 155 Ala. 133, 46 So. 489; McLeod v. State, 8 Ala.App. 329, 62 So. 991." Newby v. State, 21 Ala.App. 353, 108 So. 272. Or, as aptly stated in Wharton's Criminal Procedure, "when they (the exceptions) are not so expressed in the statute as to be incorporated in the definition of the offense, it is not necessary to state in the indictment that the defendant does not come within the exceptions, or to negative the statutory provisos." Vol. 1, 10th Edition, Section 288, p. 325. To like authority also reference may be made to 31 C.J. 720, § 269; 12 Ala.Dig., Indictment and Information, + 111. Upon this attack, therefore, the indictment was invulnerable.

(2) Analogously, the same principle of law (authorities, supra) disposes of the contention, by demurrers, that the exemptions extant by reason of federal law must be negatived by indictmental averment.

(3) This court does not perceive the alleged conflict of Section 28 of the Alabama Act with the federal statutes, asserted in the demurrers. Authority of the States to legislate in such matters has been universally recognized. The right of States to so legislate is by power originally, and not by that conferred by the United States. The Chase, D. C. Fla., 14 F. 854; Wilson v. McNamee, 102 U.S. 572, 26 L.Ed. 234; Anderson v. Pacific Coast S. S. Co., 225 U.S. 187, 32 S.Ct. 626, 56 L.Ed. 1047; 46 U.S.C.A. §§ 211 to 215 and notes.

"State pilotage laws, though regulations of commerce, are within power of state until such power is abrogated by Congress. Robins Dry Dock & Repair Co. v. Navigazione Libera Triestina S.A. (Sup. 1931) 279 N.Y.S. 257, aff. (1932) 257 N.Y.S. 908, 235 A.D. 841, aff. (1933) 185 N.E. 698, 261 N.Y. 455; Moran Towing & Transp. Co. v. Robins Dry Dock [& Repair] Co. (1933) 54 S.Ct. 72, 290 U.S. 656, 78 L.Ed. [ 568], 569, rearg. den. Robins Dry Dock & Repair Co. v. Navigazione Libera Triestina, S.A. (1933) 262 N.Y. 521, 188 N.E. 47." 46 U.S.C.A. (1939-40 Sup.) § 215, p. 80.

We hold to the view, therefore, that the Pilotage Act of this State is not subject to the asserted inharmony to congressional legislation on the subject, insisted upon by appellant. The Act (Alabama) was under consideration by the U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals. Mobile Bar Pilots Ass'n v. Commission of Internal Revenue, 5 Cir., 97 F.2d 695, 696. Support there, is found for our conclusions here, in the statement, giving apparent approval to the act, to-wit: "Under the law of Alabama, Gen. Acts 81 and 611 Reg. Sess. 1931, pp. 154, 756, before a man can be licensed as a pilot at the port of Mobile he must have a license from the United States. See 46 U.S. C.A. § 214. He must have served at least three years at...