Duffy v. Togher
| Decision Date | 31 March 2008 |
| Docket Number | No. 1-06-1447.,1-06-1447. |
| Citation | 887 N.E.2d 535 |
| Parties | Donald DUFFY, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. James G. TOGHER, Renee Togher, Latham Plastics, Inc. f/k/a Pacific Pools Industries, Inc., Black Oak Pool Supply, Inc., and Pacific Industries, Inc., Defendants-Appellees. (Shauna Travis, Defendant). |
| Court | United States Appellate Court of Illinois |
The Healy Law Firm, Martin J. Healy, Jr., Jack Cannon, William J. Harte and Joan M. Mannix, of counsel, Chicago, IL, for Appellant.
Bollinger, Ruberry & Garvey, Christopher G. Buenik, of counsel, Chicago, IL, for Appellees, James G. Togher and Renee Togher.
Tressler, Soderstrom, Maloney & Priess, LLP, John H. Huston, of counsel, Chicago, IL, for Appellee, Latham Plastics, Inc.
Doherty & Progar, LLC, Chicago, IL, Michael J. Progar and Stephanie Waxler Weiner, of counsel, for Appellee, Black Oak Pool & Supply, Inc.
On July 15, 2001, plaintiff Donald Duffy, age 21, dove into an in-ground swimming pool and sustained injuries that led to his becoming a quadriplegic. The swimming pool was located in the backyard of a single-family house owned and occupied by defendants James G. and Renee Togher in Palos Hills, Illinois. Defendant Black Oak Pool Supply, Inc. (Black Oak), sold the pool to the Toghers and installed the pool in their backyard; and defendant Latham Plastics, Inc. (Latham), manufactured the pool's liner. Pacific Industries, Inc. (Pacific), was simply a former name used by Latham. Defendant Shauna Travis, who is not a party to this appeal, is both the Toghers' niece and the person who invited plaintiff to use the Toghers' pool.
Plaintiff appeals the order of the circuit court of Cook County, granting motions for summary judgment by defendants Toghers, Black Oak and Latham. For the reasons discussed below, we reverse.
The parties agree that at the time plaintiff dove into the Toghers' pool, there were: (1) no signs saying "no diving"; and (2) no markers indicating the depth of the water. At his discovery deposition, defendant James Togher testified that Vincent Perfitto, the owner of Black Oak, provided the Toghers with "no diving" signs and other warning signs that he chose not to post. At her discovery deposition, defendant Renee Togher testified that when friends and family came to use the swimming pool, she told them "no diving" because she believed that diving into the pool was "dangerous." Defendant Renee Togher testified that she repeated these oral warnings "a lot." Neither James nor Renee Togher was at home when plaintiff dove into their pool.
At his discovery deposition, plaintiff testified that he stood on the west side of the pool's perimeter and dove horizontally into the north end portion of the pool; his hands struck the bottom of the pool first, before his head. Plaintiff testified that he had never been in the Toghers' pool prior to the date of his injury, that he had not walked into the north end of the pool before he dove, that he had "seen the ladder, so [he] figured that the water's deep enough that you need a ladder to climb out of [it]," that he "figured a pool had a shallow end and a deep end," and that he assumed he was diving into the deep end of the pool.
The parties do not dispute the following facts about the Toghers' pool. The Toghers' in-ground swimming pool was completed on May 10, 2000, approximately a year before plaintiff's accident. The pool is rectangular, with a length of 36 feet and a width of 18 feet. On the south end of the pool, there are broad, built-in steps leading down into the pool. The steps traverse the entire width of the pool, with hand rails on either side. At the opposite end of the pool, there is a ladder descending into the pool. The ladder is close to the north end, but located on the pool's east side. There is no diving board.
The floor of the swimming pool has a U shape, with a vinyl liner. The deepest part of the pool is in the middle, with shallow areas at both its north and south ends. The water depth in the north and south ends is less than 3 feet, while the depth in the middle is 5 feet 7 inches.
In the middle, the floor has a two-foot, flat area, with the pool's deepest depth. The floor of the pool slopes down from both its north and south ends, toward this flat area in the middle.
Plaintiff admitted at his deposition that he had gone to a bar approximately two hours prior to the accident and consumed two to three glasses of rum and Coke. Plaintiff testified at his deposition that he was approximately 5 feet 10 inches tall and weighed 180 pounds at the time of the accident, and that he was definitely not intoxicated at the time of the accident.
This case involved the affidavits and deposition testimony of several experts. Plaintiff retained Dr. Ralph Johnson, a swimming pool expert; Dr. Sam Glucksberg, a professor of psychology; and Dr. Leon Kazarian, a biomechanical engineer. Defendants retained Dr. Jerrold Blair Leikin, a toxicologist.
Dr. Ralph Johnson, a swimming pool expert retained by plaintiff, listed in his affidavit a number of ways in which the Toghers' pool violated industry standards set by the National Spa and Pool Institute (NSPI) and the American National Standards Institute (ANSI). In his affidavit and at his discovery deposition, Dr. Johnson stated that the design of the Toghers' pool was "very unusual."
With respect to the pool liner, Dr. Johnson's affidavit stated that its design was "a dangerous, deceptive and non-traditional design in the residential pool market." Dr. Johnson explained that "[m]ixing shallow and deep water in a non-standard application is confusing, deceptive and unsafe for the ordinary pool user who expects to swim in a pool with a shallow and a deep end."
Dr. Johnson's affidavit further stated that the Toghers' pool created an "optical illusion of a deep end," with "a classic deep-end ladder" at one end of the pool; and broad steps typically associated with a shallow end, at the other end of the pool. He stated: "In my opinion, had the north end of the pool been designed with steps and handrails, this accident would not have occurred." He also observed: "In order to comply with ANSI/NSPI, the ladder should have been placed in the deepest part of the pool, which is the middle."
In addition, Dr. Johnson's affidavit stated that since "the pool bottom [was] uniform in texture and posture," the pool depth was "difficult if not impossible to judge." At his deposition, he noted that the liner was "Sparkle Blue" in color, with a "Creek Stone" pattern. Dr. Johnson testified that "[t]he pattern would help to obscure the bottom." He explained that: "If you have no pattern on the bottom, if you have a solid bottom with a contour line down, then you can perceive the slope of the pool."
Dr. Johnson also testified at his deposition about his qualifications as a swimming pool expert, as follows: He received his bachelor's and master's degrees in physical education, and his doctorate in sports administration. He worked for 25 years at Indiana University of Pennsylvania, where he served as a swimming and diving coach, a director of aquatic facilities and programs, and a professor of health and physical education. In 1997, he became a professor of sport management and chairman of the sport management department at North Greenville College in South Carolina, where he is currently employed. In 1993, he founded Professional Aquatic Consultants International, which provides aquatic consulting services to clients such as the Red Cross, the YMCA and the United States Department of the Navy. He has also authored textbooks that are used by architects and engineers to design aquatic facilities.
Dr. Sam Glucksberg, a psychologist hired as an expert by plaintiff, is a professor of psychology and has been on the faculty of Princeton University since 1963. At his discovery deposition, he opined, based in part on his review of Dr. Johnson's affidavit and deposition testimony and plaintiff's deposition testimony, that it was not open and obvious that the north end of the Toghers' pool was shallow.
Dr. Leon Kazarian, a biomechanical engineer specializing in accident-related industries retained by plaintiff, submitted an affidavit and testified at his discovery deposition that plaintiff's injuries were consistent with a headfirst dive into shallow water.
Dr. Jerrold Blair Leikin, a medical physician specializing in toxicology retained by defendants, testified at his discovery deposition that he reviewed: plaintiff's deposition testimony; records of the Palos Hills fire department which responded to the accident scene; and records of Christ Hospital where plaintiff was brought after the accident. Based on his review of these records, Dr. Leikin testified that it was his opinion that plaintiff was intoxicated at the time of the accident. Dr. Leikin also testified that a blood sample drawn from plaintiff at Christ Hospital approximately an hour after the accident contained a blood-alcohol level of .06.
In actions for driving under the influence of alcohol, the Illinois Vehicle Code requires that certain blood-alcohol levels give rise to certain presumptions. 625 ILCS 5/11-501.2(b) (West 2006). If a defendant's blood-alcohol level was .05 or less, "it shall be presumed that the person was not under the influence of alcohol." 625 ILCS 5/11-501.2(b)(1) (West 2006). If the defendant's blood-alcohol level was more than .05 but less than .08, then "such facts shall not give rise to any presumption that the person was or was not under the influence of alcohol." 625 ILCS 5/11-501.2(b)(2) (West 2006). If the defendant's blood-alcohol level was .08 or more, "it shall be presumed that the person was under the influence of alcohol." 625 ILCS 5/11-501.2 (b)(3) (West 2006).
Plaintiff's second amended complaint, which is the operative complaint on this appeal, alleged the following counts: count 1, against the...
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