Dunn v. Town of Emerald Isle

• Decision Date: 05 October 1989
• Docket Number: No. 88-118-CIV-4-H.,88-118-CIV-4-H.
• Citation: 722 F. Supp. 1309
• Court: U.S. District Court — Eastern District of North Carolina
• Parties: Ronald L. DUNN, Plaintiff, v. TOWN OF EMERALD ISLE, et al., Defendants.

722 F. Supp. 1309

Ronald L. DUNN, Plaintiff, v. TOWN OF EMERALD ISLE, et al., Defendants.

No. 88-118-CIV-4-H.

United States District Court, E.D. North Carolina, New Bern Division.

October 5, 1989.

Jeffrey S. Miller, Jacksonville, N.C., for plaintiff.

Richard L. Stanley, Stanley & Simpson, Beaufort, N.C., and Allen R. Gitter, Womble, Carlyle, Sandridge & Rice, Winston-Salem, N.C., for defendants.

ORDER

MALCOLM J. HOWARD, District Judge.

This matter is before the court on defendants' motion for summary judgment pursuant to Fed.R.Civ.P. 56. Plaintiff filed this action under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, alleging that he was constructively discharged in violation of his procedural and substantive due process rights and in retaliation for exercising his First Amendment rights. The plaintiff also seeks recovery on pendent state law claims of invasion of privacy, defamation, and intentional infliction of emotional distress. For the reasons discussed below, the court grants the defendants' motion as to all of the plaintiff's claims.

FACTS

The plaintiff worked as a police officer with the Town of Emerald Isle from April of 1983 until he resigned on April 9, 1987. At a grievance hearing on January 3, 1986, the plaintiff stated before the Town Board of Commissioners "that as long as Mark Wilson was the Chief of Police of Emerald Isle Police Department, there were going to be problems in the police department." Plaintiff's Deposition, p. 6. The plaintiff alleges that defendants Wilson, Horne (the Town Administrator), Hargett (a Captain in the Police Department), and Conder (a Lieutenant in the Police Department) made his working conditions intolerable in retaliation for this statement. The plaintiff alleges that because of his working conditions he was forced to resign, giving rise to his claim for constructive discharge. The plaintiff further alleges that this constructive discharge was in violation of the Town's Personnel Policy and therefore violated his due process rights.

PLAINTIFF'S PROCEDURAL DUE PROCESS CLAIM

For the plaintiff's employment to be protected by procedural due process safeguards, he must establish that he had a property interest in that employment. Board of Regents v. Roth, 408 U.S. 564, 569, 92 S.Ct. 2701, 2705, 33 L.Ed.2d 548 (1972). Whether the plaintiff has a constitutionally protected property interest depends on state law. Bishop v. Wood, 426 U.S. 341, 344, 96 S.Ct. 2074, 2077, 48 L.Ed.2d 684, 690 (1976). Under North Carolina law, an employee has a property interest only if he has a legitimate claim to continued employment under either a contract, a state statute, or a local ordinance. Nance v. Employment Sec. Commission, 290 N.C. 473, 226 S.E.2d 340 (1976).

There being no applicable statute or contract, the only issue is whether the Town of Emerald Isle had enacted an ordinance giving the plaintiff a property right in his job. The plaintiff relies on a "Personnel Policy" adopted by the Board of Commissioners of the Town of Emerald Isle. In Pittman v. Wilson County, 839 F.2d 225 (4th Cir. 1988), the Fourth Circuit held that a personnel ordinance might create a property interest, whereas a mere personnel policy or resolution would not. The issue, therefore, is whether this "Personnel Policy" is an ordinance carrying the force of law or simply a resolution.

In Pittman, the court held in a similar case that Wilson County's personnel rules and regulations merely supplied internal administrative guidelines and did not rise to the level of an ordinance having the force of law. Plaintiff's only evidence is an affidavit from the Clerk of the Board of Commissioners stating that the Personnel Policy was "adopted" by the Town Board. Pittman, however, establishes that to create property rights, a personnel policy must not merely be adopted, but must be adopted with the formalities necessary for it to rise to the level of an ordinance. See e.g., N.C.Gen.Stat. § 160A-75. The plaintiff has presented no such evidence, and Pittman is clear that "absent evidence that this resolution was passed with the formality required for the enactment of an ordinance, we must conclude that it was not." Pittman, 839 F.2d at 229. Therefore, the plaintiff was an at-will employee with no property interest in his employment and had no procedural due process protections.

Even if the plaintiff was entitled to due process, he has no cause of action because he received due process. The plaintiff's claim for deprivation of property without due process is based on his contention that he should have been given a hearing to address the adverse actions taken against him to force his resignation or to address his constructive discharge after his resignation. It is undisputed, however, that the plaintiff never requested any hearing to address these charges. Plaintiff's Dep., pp. 76-78. Procedural due process is the opportunity to be heard, and "when this opportunity is granted a complainant, who chooses not to exercise it, that complainant cannot later plead a denial of due process." Satterfield v. Edenton-Chowan Bd. of Ed., 530 F.2d 567, 572 (4th Cir.1975).

Plaintiff alleges that he could not have received a fair hearing before the Town Board because it authorized the constitutional violations and the violations of the "Personnel Policy." The plaintiff, however, has presented no evidence to support his assertion or to overcome the presumption of honesty and integrity that the law provides to officials who possess decision-making authority. Hortonville Joint School Dist. No. 1 v. Hortonville Education Ass'n, 426 U.S. 482, 497, 96 S.Ct. 2308, 2316, 49 L.Ed.2d 1, 11-12 (1976). Furthermore, the plaintiff's assertion that the Board was prejudiced against him is odd in light of the fact that twice the Board reinstated the plaintiff after defendant Wilson had attempted to fire him.

The plaintiff's only evidence of bias appears in his affidavit, wherein he states:

That while I was employed with the Emerald Isle Police Department, the defendant, James B. Conder, stated to me "well, it ain't just us. The damn Commissioners — I'm going to tell you who it is. The damn Commissioners are fired up too. They said, `do what you gotta do.'"

First, Conder's statements about what the Board said are inadmissible hearsay. Second, these statements do not show that the Commissioners were biased when presiding over the plaintiff's hearings. Conder's statement was simply that the Commissioners were "fired up" about something and that "they" said, "Do what you gotta do." Plaintiff has failed to overcome the presumption of impartiality and has thus failed to show that he has been denied due process.

The plaintiff's procedural due process claim also fails because he had adequate state law remedies that he could have pursued in state court. In Parratt v. Taylor, 451 U.S. 527, 101 S.Ct. 1908, 68 L.Ed.2d 420 (1981), the Court held that when a state deprives a person of a property interest as the result of the unauthorized failure of its agents to follow state procedure, due process is satisfied by the availability of meaningful post-deprivation process. In Fields v. Durham, 856 F.2d 655 (4th Cir.1988), a discharged employee alleged that he had not been provided with adequate notice of the reasons for his discharge or with a fair pre-termination hearing as required by the policies of his employer. The court stated: "If Fields was deprived of a fair and impartial hearing prior to his termination, due process is satisfied by the availability of adequate state law remedies which he may pursue in state court." Fields, 856 F.2d at 657.

The plaintiff does not allege that the Town's policy was constitutionally deficient, and he has not shown any evidence that the Town, or the state, authorized the deviations. Since the plaintiff had adequate post-deprivation remedies in state court, he has failed to state a cognizable due process claim.

PLAINTIFF'S SUBSTANTIVE DUE PROCESS CLAIMS

Substantive due process protects persons from arbitrary or capricious government action resulting in deprivation of "only those rights" that are "implicit in the concept of ordered liberty." Brennan v. Stewart, 834 F.2d 1248, 1255-1256 (5th Cir.1988). The plaintiff has failed to identify the deprivation of any right implicit in the concept of ordered liberty and has thus failed to state a claim. The Supreme Court has held that an interest in continued employment is not a constitutionally protected right, but only a property right. Board of Regents v. Roth, 408 U.S. 564, 92 S.Ct. 2701, 33 L.Ed.2d 548 (1972). Continued employment is protected by procedural due process, not substantive due process.

Plaintiff alleges in his Memorandum in Opposition that he was deprived of a liberty interest in that the Board published false statements about the plaintiff damaging his reputation. The Fourth Circuit recently stated, however, that "a public employer's stigmatizing remarks do not deprive an employee of a liberty interest unless they are made in the course of a discharge or significant demotion." Stone v. University of Maryland Medical System Corp., 855 F.2d 167, 172-73, n. 5 (4th Cir. 1988). The findings of the Board were issued in conjunction with the reinstatement of the plaintiff; none of the defendants ever fired or demoted the plaintiff.

Moreover, the plaintiff has established no injury to his future employment interests from these statements. After these statements were released, the plaintiff was hired by the Indian Beach Police Department, and he is now assistant chief of police in Newland, North Carolina. Also, the Board's findings do not affect the plaintiff's liberty interest because they do not accuse the plaintiff of dishonesty, immorality or other serious character defects. Robertson v. Rogers, 679 F.2d 1090, 1092 (4th Cir.1982). The plaintiff's substantive due process claims must be dismissed as a matter of law.

PLAINTIFF'S FIRST AMENDMENT CLAIM

The plaintiff alleges that he was...