E.E.O.C. v. Eastern Airlines, Inc., 83-5213
| Decision Date | 17 July 1984 |
| Docket Number | No. 83-5213,83-5213 |
| Citation | 736 F.2d 635 |
| Parties | 35 Fair Empl.Prac.Cas. 503, 74 A.L.R.Fed. 885, 34 Empl. Prac. Dec. P 34,528, 39 Fed.R.Serv.2d 722 EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY COMMISSION, et al., Plaintiffs-Appellees, v. EASTERN AIRLINES, INC., Defendant-Appellee. H. Patricia Rowan GORMAN, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. EASTERN AIRLINES, Defendant-Appellee. |
| Court | U.S. Court of Appeals — Eleventh Circuit |
Judith L. Oakes, St. Paul, Minn., for Gorman.
Justine Lisser, E.E.O.C.-Appellate Sec., Washington, D.C., for the E.E.O.C.
Legal Dept-Eastern Air Lines Miami Intl. Airport, Miami, Fla., Richard P. Magurno, Ella K. Solomons, Miami, Fla., for Eastern Airlines.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida.
Before TJOFLAT and JOHNSON, Circuit Judges, and TUTTLE, Senior Circuit Judge.
Patricia Gorman appeals from the district court's denial of her petition to intervene in a lawsuit between the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) and Eastern Airlines in which the EEOC alleged that Eastern had violated the Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA), 29 U.S.C. Sec. 621 et seq., by not hiring Gorman and 22 other women as flight attendants. Gorman and several other of the charging parties sought to intervene in the suit to contest a consent decree negotiated by Eastern and the EEOC, and approved by the district court. Only Gorman has appealed the denial of the motion to intervene. We hold that the district court was correct in denying Gorman's motion to intervene, primarily because Gorman has options other than intervention available to her that preserve her rights without prejudice if she is dissatisfied with the consent decree.
Gorman applied for a job with Eastern as a flight attendant in 1976, but was rejected for the position. At that time, Gorman was 45 years old. Apparently, an Eastern personnel manual in use in 1975 recommended that no one be considered for a flight attendant position who was older than the age of 28 at the time he or she applied. Eastern claims, however, that Gorman's age had nothing to do with Eastern's failure to hire her. Rather, Eastern claims that it rejected Gorman because of her appearance. At any rate, Gorman filed a charge of employment discrimination with the Department of Labor in 1977, alleging that Eastern had discriminated against her on the basis of age. In 1979, Gorman filed a private action pursuant to the ADEA against Eastern in federal district court in Minnesota, where Gorman resides. Shortly thereafter, in December, 1979, the EEOC, to whom enforcement of the ADEA had been transferred from the Department of Labor, filed suit in Miami, Florida against Eastern, alleging that Eastern had violated the ADEA by refusing to hire persons aged 40 or older as flight attendants. The EEOC named nineteen people who had been affected, including Gorman, as "charging parties" in the complaint. The EEOC later added four more charging parties. In 1981, Gorman's case was consolidated with the EEOC case and transferred to Florida. The EEOC took primary responsibility for discovery and settlement negotiations in the case.
Following extensive discovery and negotiations, the EEOC and Eastern entered into a consent decree, which was filed in the district court on March 26, 1982. The consent decree provided that Eastern would hire 12 of the 23 charging parties, and would pay $30,000 in cash and $35,000 in travel credits as damages to be divided among the charging parties. In return, each of the charging parties was to release Eastern of her claims, and Gorman was to dismiss her still-pending suit against the airline.
Upon learning of the terms of the consent decree, Gorman and fifteen other charging parties, apparently dissatisfied with the settlement, sought to intervene in the EEOC case pursuant to Fed.R.Civ.P. 24, and moved to vacate the consent decree. The district court denied the motion to intervene and failed to rule on the motion to vacate. Gorman was the only charging party to appeal.
Gorman raises two issues on appeal. The first, which, as we explain below, we do not reach on the merits, is whether the district court erred in failing to vacate the consent decree. The second is whether the district court erred in denying Gorman's motion to intervene.
We cannot reach Gorman's first issue because it is not properly before this Court. Gorman's right to move to vacate the consent decree was, of necessity, predicated on her ability to intervene successfully in the EEOC case. Otherwise, Gorman, as a non-party to the EEOC suit, would lack standing to move to vacate the consent decree, or to make any other motion, in the EEOC case. Thus, the district court failed to rule on Gorman's motion to vacate because it lacked jurisdiction over her motion. Of course, if we were to reverse the district court and hold that Gorman was entitled to intervention, Gorman would be free on remand to renew her motion to vacate the consent decree. We do not so hold, however.
Before discussing the merits of this issue, we note that although denial of a petition to intervene is not considered an appealable final order, we have jurisdiction to review this issue under the circuit's "anomalous rule." See United States v. Jefferson County, 720 F.2d 1511, 1515 & n. 12 (11th Cir.1983); Stallworth v. Monsanto Co., 558 F.2d 257, 263 & n. 7 (5th Cir.1977). Under the "anomalous rule," we have provisional jurisdiction to determine whether the district court erroneously concluded that the appellant was not entitled to intervene under Rule 24. If we find that the district court's disposition of the petition to intervene was correct, then our jurisdiction evaporates because the proper denial of leave to intervene is not a final decision, and we must dismiss these appeals for want of jurisdiction. But if we find that the district court was mistaken, then we retain jurisdiction and must reverse. In either event, we are authorized to decide whether the petition to intervene was properly denied.
Rule 24 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure distinguishes between "intervention of right" (Rule 24(a)) and "permissive intervention" (Rule 24(b)). 1 Although Gorman moved for either intervention of right or permissive intervention, the district court apparently treated her motion as one for intervention of right only. Nevertheless, for the same reason that we hold Gorman was not entitled to intervention of right, we also hold that the district court would not have abused its discretion by denying permissive intervention.
One of the reasons that Gorman petitioned to intervene in the EEOC case was uncertainty over the status of her separate, private ADEA action against Eastern. The few cases that have interpreted Sec. 7(c)(1) of the ADEA have reached conflicting results regarding whether an individual's private ADEA suit remains viable following the EEOC's entry into the same controversy. Because of that uncertainty, Gorman was forced to petition to intervene in the EEOC case to protect her rights completely. Otherwise, she might have found that her own suit was foreclosed and that she had no opportunity to challenge the relief afforded her by the EEOC/Eastern consent decree. The district court, however, never explicitly ruled on whether Gorman's private action remained viable. 2 Instead, the district court denied Gorman's petition on several other grounds. 3
We do not decide whether any of the grounds for denial relied upon by the district court were erroneous. Rather, we examine whether Gorman's separate private ADEA action against Eastern is still viable in light of the EEOC-Eastern settlement. If Gorman's separate suit is still viable, then she has a choice that effectively preserves all of her rights, without the need to intervene in the EEOC case. That choice would allow her either to join in the consent decree, which explicitly requires her to dismiss her suit against Eastern, or to forego the benefits of the consent decree and continue with her private action against Eastern in the hope of obtaining more favorable relief for herself. Either way, Gorman's rights would be protected; therefore, she would not be entitled to intervention.
Under Rule 24(a), one is entitled to intervention of right only if she "is so situated that the disposition of the action may as a practical matter impair or impede [her] ability to protect that interest ...." If Gorman can proceed with her own action independently of the EEOC suit, then the settlement of the EEOC suit cannot "impair or impede" her ability to seek her own relief. Therefore, she would not be entitled to intervention of right.
Under Rule 24(b), one is entitled to permissive intervention The district court found that permitting intervention by Gorman and other charging parties would delay the rights of those charging parties interested in partaking of the settlement. Now that Gorman is the only party to appeal the denial of intervention, it becomes even more prejudicial to the rights of the other charging parties to allow further delay, particularly if Gorman is in a position to pursue her own cause of action against Eastern. Therefore, if Gorman's cause of action remains viable, we must uphold the district court's discretion in denying her petition for permissive intervention. 4
We now reach the issue of the continued viability of Gorman's suit against Eastern. The resolution of that issue depends on the construction of Sec. 7(c)(1) of the ADEA, 29 U.S.C. Sec. 626(c)(1). Section 7(c)(1) provides "that...
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