Elkins v. State

• Decision Date: 03 June 1948
• Docket Number: 6 Div. 656.
• Citation: 250 Ala. 672,35 So.2d 693
• Parties: ELKINS v. STATE.
• Court: Alabama Supreme Court

35 So.2d 693

250 Ala. 672

ELKINS v. STATE.

6 Div. 656.

Supreme Court of Alabama

June 3, 1948

DeGraffenried & McDuffie, of Tuscaloosa, for appellant.

A. A. Carmichael, Atty. Gen., and Jas. L. Screws Asst. Atty. Gen., for the State.

STAKELY Justice.

Hardy Elkins, the appellant, was found guilty of murder in the second degree and sentenced to a term of thirty years in the penitentiary. His pleas on the trial of the cause were not guilty and not guilty by reason of insanity.

On Sunday afternoon May 11, 1947, the appellant and Lee Keene the deceased, got together and rode together to different places in Tuscaloosa County. Appellant wanted to help Lee Keene get a new Hudson automobile and they talked about plans to that end. They had several drinks together. Later on in the evening about 8:30 P. M. they were at a cafe known as Jim's Place at the corner of University Avenue and Third Avenue. At that time the appellant shot the deceased and caused his death. There was no evidence of any trouble between them. They had been friends for about 20 years. Deceased at the time of the shooting was seated in his car under the steering wheel, while appellant was standing outside the car alongside the window by which the deceased was sitting. Three shots were fired into the body of deceased. When the firing started deceased drove his car away a short distance and stopped mortally wounded. As it moved away appellant fired at the moving car two or three times. The appearance of appellant showed that a blow had been struck him over the eye.

Immediately prior to the shooting the appellant was yelling: 'I am the Bureau of Investigation. Federal Bureau of Investigation. Call the police.' Tendencies of the evidence showed that both appellant and the deceased were under the influence of liquor at the time of the shooting. According to appellant during the afternoon sometime before the shooting, his mind went blank and after that he did not remember anything that happened. He accounted for his whereabouts and conduct up to that time in the afternoon, but after that he could not recall where he went or what he did.

Reversal is sought on a number of rulings made by the court on the evidence.

According to tendencies of the evidence the defendant made a voluntary statement to W. C. Tompkins, Jr., a police officer of the City of Tuscaloosa, the morning after the shooting. The statement was reduced to writing and signed by the defendant. The state attempted to introduce the statement in evidence. The defendant objected on the ground that the statement had been underscored or marked in certain places. The court sustained the objection of the defendant and then over the objection of the defendant that the writing was the best evidence, allowed the witness to testify to what the defendant told him which in effect was that he, the defendant, and the deceased had drunk a considerable amount of whiskey and both were pretty well drunk and that he, the defendant, didn't remember anything that happened after he left Terry Whitley's Place at Peterson. According to the testimony of defendant, defendant recalled incidents of the trip after defendant and deceased left Peterson and he was not drunk.

It is seriously contended that the court was in error in allowing parol evidence to prove the contents of the statement which had been reduced to writing when the writing at the time was in the possession of the state. The appellant cites in behalf of this position Davis v. State, 168 Ala. 53, 52 So 939; Roberson v. State, 21 Ala.App. 196, 106 So. 696; Jones v. State, 30 Ala.App. 360, 6 So.2d 26, and Blanks v. State, 30 Ala.App. 519, 8 So.2d 450. The statement is in the nature of an inculpatory admission (Tillison v. State, 248 Ala. 199, 27 So.2d 43), but the principle is the same with reference to the matter which we shall discuss whether the statement be regarded as an inculpatory admission or a confession.

The case before us does not present a situation where the accused makes a statement in the preliminary hearing before the committing magistrate who is required by law to reduce the testimony to writing. Here we have an inculpatory admission which was extrajudicial, taken down in writing and signed by the accused. From our examination of the authorities while there is some diversity of opinion (22 C.J.S., Criminal Law,§ 833, page 1457), the rule which we prefer to follow is well established, viz. that parol evidence of a confession or inculpatory statement taken down in writing extrajudicial is not secondary evidence. It could well be that the written evidence would be more convincing and accordingly of greater weight but that is not the determining factor. Both the written statement and the oral testimony of a witness who heard the statement are classed as primary evidence. The rules governing the establishment of a contract have no application here. Where there is a contract there is a meeting of minds and the written words are presumed to embrace the final agreement to the...