EState Awanis Manook v. Research Triangle Inst.

• Citation: 759 F.Supp.2d 674
• Decision Date: 12 August 2010
• Docket Number: Nos. 5:10–CV–72–D, 5:10–CV–73–D.,s. 5:10–CV–72–D, 5:10–CV–73–D.
• Parties: ESTATE OF Marani Awanis MANOOK, Plaintiff,v.RESEARCH TRIANGLE INSTITUTE, INTERNATIONAL, and Unity Resources Group, L.L.C., Defendants.andJalal Askander Antranick, Plaintiff,v.Research Triangle Institute, International, and Unity Resources Group, L.L.C., Defendants.
• Court: U.S. District Court — Eastern District of North Carolina

759 F.Supp.2d 674

ESTATE OF Marani Awanis MANOOK, Plaintiff,

v.RESEARCH TRIANGLE INSTITUTE, INTERNATIONAL, and Unity Resources Group, L.L.C., Defendants.andJalal Askander Antranick, Plaintiff,

v.Research Triangle Institute, International, and Unity Resources Group, L.L.C., Defendants.

Nos. 5:10–CV–72–D, 5:10–CV–73–D.

United States District Court, E.D. North Carolina,Western Division.

Aug. 12, 2010.

Janet Ward Black, Ward Black, P.A., Greensboro, NC, Susan L. Burke, William T. O'Neil, Burke O'Neil LLC, Washington, DC, for Plaintiff.Douglas P. Faucette, Locke Lord Bissell & Liddell, LLP, Eric W. Bloom, Karen Sugden Manley, Sarah E. Saucedo, Winston & Strawn LLP, Washington, DC, James L. Gale, Stephen W. Petersen, Smith Moore Leatherwood LLP, Clifton L. Brinson, Smith Anderson Blount Dorsett Mitchell & Jernigan, LLP, Mark Alan Ash, Raleigh, NC, Kevin J. Walsh, R. James DeRose, III, Locke Lord Bissell & Liddell LLP, New York, NY, for Defendants.

ORDER

JAMES C. DEVER III, District Judge.

Plaintiffs Jalal Askander Antranick and Estate of Marani Awanis Manook (collectively “plaintiffs”) seek to recover damages from defendants Research Triangle Institute, International (“RTI”) and Unity Resources Group, L.L.C. (“Unity”) (collectively “defendants”). The lawsuit stems from an October 9, 2007 shooting in Baghdad, Iraq. According to Manook's amended complaint and Antranick's complaint, RTI is a private non-profit research institution in North Carolina and contracted with the United States Agency for International Development (“USAID”) to provide governmental development and support to the Iraqi government. In turn, RTI contracted with Unity, a private foreign security contractor, to provide security to RTI personnel in Iraq. In performing that security contract, Unity personnel shot and killed Genevia Jalal Antranick and Marani Manook and injured plaintiff Jalal Askander Antranick, who is Genevia Jalal Antranick's daughter. The Antranicks and Manook were Iraqi citizens at the time of the Baghdad shooting.

In 2008, plaintiffs filed separate actions in the United States District Court for the District of Columbia. Plaintiffs asserted federal claims under the Alien Tort Statute (“ATS”), 28 U.S.C. § 1350, and the Torture Victim Protection Act of 1991 (“TVPA”), Pub. L. No. 102–256, 106 Stat. 73 (1992), and asserted state-law claims for assault and battery, wrongful death, intentional infliction of emotional distress, and negligence. On February 5, 2010, the Honorable Jack D. Shanstrom dismissed the two federal claims and transferred the actions to this court under 28 U.S.C. § 1404(a). See Estate of Manook v. Research Triangle Inst., Int'l, 693 F.Supp.2d 4, 23–24 (D.D.C.2010).

RTI and Unity have moved to dismiss the actions for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction [D.E. 49, 55, 41, 48].¹ Plaintiffs responded in opposition [D.E. 61, 50, 51],² and defendants replied [D.E. 65, 66, 54, 56].³ As explained below, the court grants the motions to dismiss for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction, declines to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over the state-law claims, and dismisses all other pending motions as moot.

I.

Judge Shanstrom's order details the claims in these cases and familiarity with that order is presumed. See Estate of Manook, 693 F.Supp.2d at 9–24. RTI and Unity contend that subject-matter jurisdiction does not exist under the ATS, 28 U.S.C. § 1350,⁴ because plaintiffs have failed to state a claim under the ATS or the TVPA. See Estate of Manook, 693 F.Supp.2d at 17–20 (dismissing ATS and TVPA claims). The ATS is a jurisdictional statute that created no new causes of action; rather, Congress enacted the ATS in 1789 on the understanding that the common law would provide a cause of action for the modest number of international-law violations with a potential for personal liability at that time. See, e.g., Sosa v. Alvarez–Machain, 542 U.S. 692, 712–38, 124 S.Ct. 2739, 159 L.Ed.2d 718 (2004) (discussing the ATS); Yousuf v. Samantar, 552 F.3d 371, 374–75 (4th Cir.2009) (same), aff'd, ––– U.S. ––––, 130 S.Ct. 2278, 176 L.Ed.2d 1047 (2010). The TVPA provides that “[a]n individual who, under actual or apparent authority, or color of law, of any foreign nation ... subjects an individual to torture” or “subjects an individual to extrajudicial killing” is liable in a civil action for damages to the victim or the victim's legal representative. Pub. L. No. 102–256, 106 Stat. 73, § 2(a) (1992); see Yousuf, 552 F.3d at 375 (discussing the TVPA). Moreover, RTI and Unity contend that diversity jurisdiction does not exist under 28 U.S.C. § 1332(a) because both plaintiffs and Unity are aliens, thereby destroying diversity. See, e.g., Gen. Tech. Applications, Inc. v. Exro Ltda, 388 F.3d 114, 120 (4th Cir.2004) (“The alien citizenship on both sides of the controversy destroys diversity.”). Finally, RTI and Unity contend that this court should decline to exercise supplemental jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1367(c) over the remaining state-law tort claims. See, e.g., Carlsbad Tech., Inc. v. HIF Bio, Inc., ––– U.S. ––––, 129 S.Ct. 1862, 1866–67, 173 L.Ed.2d 843 (2009); GE Inv. Private Placement Partners II v. Parker, 247 F.3d 543, 551 (4th Cir.2001); Hinson v. Norwest Fin. S.C., Inc., 239 F.3d 611, 616–17 (4th Cir.2001).

In opposition to the motions to dismiss for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction, plaintiffs contend that Judge Shanstrom erroneously dismissed their claims under the ATS and TVPA; therefore, federal jurisdiction exists. Alternatively, plaintiffs argue that even if they have failed to state a claim under the ATS and TVPA, supplemental jurisdiction exists under 28 U.S.C. § 1367(c) over the remaining state-law claims and that this court should exercise supplemental jurisdiction over those claims.

As for plaintiffs' claims under the ATS, the ATS furnishes jurisdiction over a modest number of actions alleging violations of the law of nations or treaties and generally requires state action because the vast majority such alleged violations relate to the interaction between nations. See, e.g., Sosa, 542 U.S. at 712–38, 124 S.Ct. 2739; Argentine Republic v. Amerada Hess Shipping Corp., 488 U.S. 428, 435–38, 109 S.Ct. 683, 102 L.Ed.2d 818 (1989); Estate of Amergi ex rel. Amergi v. Palestinian Auth., 611 F.3d 1350, 1353–66 (11th Cir.2010); Saleh v. Titan Corp., 580 F.3d 1, 14–16 (D.C.Cir.2009); Sinaltrainal v. Coca–Cola, Inc., 578 F.3d 1252, 1265–67 (11th Cir.2009); Yousuf, 552 F.3d at 374–75; Abagninin v. AMVAC Chem. Corp., 545 F.3d 733, 742 (9th Cir.2008); see also Beanal v. Freeport–McMoran, Inc., 197 F.3d 161, 164–68 (5th Cir.1999). Some courts of appeals, however, have held that there are certain, narrow exceptions to the state-action requirement under the ATS. Compare Estate of Amergi ex rel. Amergi, 611 F.3d at 1357–62 (stating that for certain claims under the ATS, including genocide and certain war crimes, the scope of the law of nations is not confined solely to state action and may sometimes reach conduct undertaken by private actors), and Kadíc v. Karãdzíc, 70 F.3d 232, 239 (2d Cir.1995) (same), with Saleh, 580 F.3d at 13–16 (stating that the ATS “provides a cause of action against states but not private persons”). Here, plaintiffs contend that state action is present and alternatively contend that state action is not required under the ATS. Defendants disagree with each contention.

As for plaintiffs' claims under the TVPA, the parties agree that the TVPA claims require that RTI and Unity were acting under the color of law when the shooting occurred. Yousuf, 552 F.3d at 375 (describing TVPA requirement that the individual “who, under actual or apparent authority, or color of law, of any foreign nation ... subjects an individual to extra judicial killing” may be liable in a civil action for damages (quotations omitted)); see Sinaltrainal, 578 F.3d at 1270; Estate of Manook, 693 F.Supp.2d at 20. The parties disagree, however, whether plaintiffs have met the TVPA's color-of-law requirement.

The state-action or color-of-law requirement in statutes such as the ATS and TVPA “reflects judicial recognition of the fact that most rights secured by [the ATS and TVPA] are protected only against infringement by governments.” Mentavlos v. Anderson, 249 F.3d 301, 310 (4th Cir.2001) (quotations omitted); see 28 U.S.C. § 1350 n. § 2(a) (establishing TVPA color-of-law requirement); Saleh, 580 F.3d at 13 (discussing ATS state-action requirement); Yousuf, 552 F.3d at 375 (discussing TVPA color-of-law requirement); Ford ex rel. Estate of Ford v. Garcia, 289 F.3d 1283, 1286 (11th Cir.2002) (describing history of TVPA). The state-action or color-of-law requirement in the ATS and the TVPA limits “the reach of federal law,” Mentavlos, 249 F.3d at 310 (quotations omitted), and excludes from liability “merely private conduct, no matter how ... wrongful.” Id. (quotations omitted). The state-action or color-of-law requirement “insist[s]” as a prerequisite to liability “that the conduct allegedly causing the deprivation of a [ ] right be fairly attributable to the State.” Holly v. Scott, 434 F.3d 287, 292 (4th Cir.2006) (alteration and quotations omitted); see Wahi v. Charleston Area Med. Ctr., Inc., 562 F.3d 599, 615–16 (4th Cir.2009); Dowe v. Total Action Against Poverty in Roanoke Valley, 145 F.3d 653, 658–60 (4th Cir.1998).

To satisfy the state-action or color-of-law requirement, a plaintiff alleging a violation of the ATS or TVPA must prove that “the deprivation was performed under color of ... law....” Philips v. Pitt County Mem'l Hosp., 572 F.3d 176, 180 (4th Cir.2009) (recognizing that the “[t]he statutory color-of-law prerequisite is synonymous with the more familiar state-action requirement” and “the analysis for each is identical”). “[P]rivate activity will generally not be deemed ‘state action’ unless the state has so dominated such activity as to convert it to state action....” Id. at 181 (quotations omitted). “Mere...