Estate of Kofsky

• Decision Date: 06 February 1980
• Citation: 409 A.2d 1358,487 Pa. 473
• Parties: ESTATE OF Martin C. KOFSKY, Deceased. Appeal of Stephen KOFSKY.
• Court: Pennsylvania Supreme Court

Page 1358

409 A.2d 1358

487 Pa. 473

ESTATE OF Martin C. KOFSKY, Deceased.

Appeal of Stephen KOFSKY.

Supreme Court of Pennsylvania.

Argued Oct. 12, 1979.

Decided Dec. 21, 1979.

Reargument Denied Feb. 6, 1980.

[487 Pa. 475] Morris Paul Baran, Philadelphia, for appellant.

Louis Lipschitz, Joseph R. Danella, Philadelphia, for appellee.

Before EAGEN, C. J., and O'BRIEN, ROBERTS, NIX, LARSEN and FLAHERTY, JJ.

OPINION OF THE COURT

LARSEN, Justice.

Martin Kofsky died on March 8, 1974 and, by a will dated May 27, 1969, left his entire estate to his brother. The decedent's son, appellant Stephen Kofsky, filed a claim against his father's estate alleging that in the fall of 1969, he entered into an oral contract with decedent wherein the decedent agreed to bequeath $150,000 to appellant if appellant would attend and graduate from dental school. Appellant graduated from the University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine in June of 1973.

A hearing was held on the matter and appellant's claim was denied. Appellant filed exceptions to the adjudication. These exceptions were dismissed by the court en banc, and appellant brought this direct appeal. Appellant contends that the chancellor erred in ruling that the manner in which he was cross-examined by the estate did not waive the "Dead Man's Act". We agree.

The "Dead Man's Act", Act of July 9, 1976, P.L. 586, No. 142, § 2, As amended, 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 5930, provides an exception to the general rule of competency and disqualifies surviving parties to a transaction or event who have an interest adverse to the decedent from testifying as to matters which occurred prior to the decedent's death. Matthew's Estate, 431 Pa. 616, 246 A.2d 412 (1968). The purpose of the Act is "to prevent the injustice which might flow from permitting the surviving party to a transaction with a decedent to give testimony thereon favorable to himself and adverse to the decedent, which the latter's representative would be in no position to refute". Weaver v. Welsh, 325 Pa. 571, 576-77, 191 A. 3, 7 (1937). The Act accomplishes this purpose and aids the estate by making the witness incompetent to testify to such matters; not by making the testimony itself incompetent. Balla v. Sladek, 381 Pa. 85, 112 A.2d 156 (1955).

However, there is an exception; when a claimant against the estate of a decedent testifies in his own behalf as to facts occurring since the death of the decedent and is cross-examined as to matters occurring during the decedent's lifetime, the disability imposed by the Act is lifted, and the claimant becomes competent to testify to all relevant and material matters. Clad's Estate, 214 Pa. 141, 144, 63 A. 542, 543 (1906); Gerlach's Estate, 364 Pa. 207, 72 A.2d 271 (1950). This result obtains because a cross-examining party may not remove the disability solely for his own purposes, and also, because the cross-examiner, in exceeding the legal limits placed on the witness' testimony for the cross-examiner's benefit, "makes the witness his own, and accredits him just as though he had called him in chief in the first instance, without qualification or restriction". Goehring's Estate, 263 Pa. 47, 53, 106 A. 60, 62 (1919).

In the instant case, appellant testified in his own behalf as to family relationships and the events Subsequent to his father's death. In the course of the direct examination, the following transpired:

BY MR. BARAN (appellant's counsel):

Q Will you tell the Court the nature of the conversations that you had?

A The conversations concerned the death of my father how the death came about and what had happened that day. How he went into the hospital and subsequently died.

My uncle (the decedent's brother, personal representative, and sole beneficiary) also told me at that time that my father loved me intensely and everything in his life revolved around me.

MR. LIPSCHITZ (counsel for the estate): I move that the conversation just stated about what his uncle told him be stricken, if your Honor please.

I believe that this is testimony contrary to the Dead Man's Statute, which restricts the testimony of a claimant in an estate.

THE COURT: Your objection is noted. And that particular objection I won't rule on. I will take the testimony subject to your objection. And I will rule on the objection in my adjudication.

MR. LIPSCHITZ: May I suggest to your Honor that if your Honor is going to defer the ruling until your Honor's adjudication it will prevent us we won't know just whether or not we are required to go forward and dispute this kind of testimony which I submit is inadmissible. Your Honor will not permit us then I assume after you have made a ruling to reopen the case?

And the other issue will arise as to whether cross-examination will make this kind of testimony admissible?

THE COURT: No. We can permit cross-examination subject to my ruling. If I rule I will take the cross-examination with the understanding that If I should determine the testimony to be admissible, then the cross-examination is as is. If I determine the testimony to be inadmissible, then the cross-examination because of that will not make it admissible because the cross-examination was taken subject to that. Notes of Testimony, pp. 15-19. (Emphasis supplied)

On cross-examination, counsel for the estate elicited testimony from appellant concerning, Inter alia : the decedent's health; when and how often appellant conversed with the decedent over the telephone; where appellant resided at the time of these conversations and the telephone numbers of the phones used; how appellant was employed before his father's death; when and how often appellant and decedent visited each other; whether the decedent stayed with appellant on the occasions that he visited him; when appellant's parents were divorced; how long appellant lived with his mother after the divorce; and whether appellant, when he was an adolescent, had testified against his father in an action to enforce a support order. On redirect, appellant's counsel inquired into what occurred during the visits and the text of the conversations mentioned on cross-examination. Counsel for the estate objected, citing the Dead Man's Act. Appellant's counsel argued that the estate had waived this objection by inquiring into these matters on cross-examination and called the chancellor's attention to this Court's holdings in Clad's Estate, supra; Goehring's Estate, supra; and Gerlach's Estate, supra. The chancellor, nevertheless, sustained the objection and held that the estate had not waived the protection of the Dead Man's Act. This was error.

Appellee asserts that the cross-examination did not waive the Dead Man's Act because it explored only those matters occurring during the decedent's life that had been testified to on direct examination over appellee's objections. This is incorrect. Appellant did not, on direct examination, testify to "any matter occurring before the death" of his father. In fact, the portion of appellant's direct examination which the estate found to be objectionable under the Dead Man's Act (see Supra ) was a statement made by the estate's own representative after the decedent's death. The estate was certainly in as good a position as the decedent would have been to refute this testimony, and it did not, therefore, violate the Dead Man's Act. Weaver v. Welsh, supra; Wade's Estate, 251 Pa.Super. 269, 380 A.2d 482 (1977).

Moreover, it is clear that the estate, on cross-examination, inquired into many "matter(s) occurring before the death" of the decedent. For "matter", as that term is used in the Act, does not, as the estate now argues, refer only to the transaction at issue; it refers to anything occurring before the decedent's death which has any bearing on the transaction. ¹ Hendrickson's Estate, 388 Pa. 39, 130 A.2d 143 (1957). Consequently, the estate's cross-examination of appellant constituted a waiver of the Dead Man's Act and made him a competent witness as to all relevant and material matter. Clad's Estate, supra; Gerlach's Estate, supra. The chancellor, therefore, erred in preventing appellant from testifying on redirect examination as to matters which occurred during his father's lifetime. ²

Appellant also contends that the chancellor erred in permitting his former attorney to testify to the privileged oral and written communications between them. While our disposition of the previous contention makes it unnecessary to reach this issue, we nevertheless deem it advisable to address the question in order to prevent a repetition of the error on remand.

The estate called Manuel Sidkoff, the first attorney appellant consulted regarding the instant matter, as a witness, and appellant requested an offer of proof. Counsel for the estate then made the following offer:

MR. LIPSCHITZ: If your Honor please, I am prepared to prove by Mr. Sidkoff that he represented Stephen Kofsky. That Stephen Kofsky consulted Mr. Sidkoff. That Mr. Steve Kofsky, during the representation by Mr. Sidkoff, never mentioned to him the fact that he had a claim based on a contract in which he wanted $150,000.00 as outlined by his counsel here in this courtroom. That Mr. Sidkoff continued to represent Mr. Kofsky from sometime early in April until sometime in the latter part of April, 1974. That during that representation Mr. Sidkoff had a discussion with Mr. Rubin, who represented the estate. That in that discussion with Mr. Rubin, Mr. Sidkoff never presented any claim such as is being presented here. Also there was some...