Fadem v. U.S., 92-56404

Decision Date10 March 1994
Docket NumberNo. 92-56404,92-56404
PartiesRobert FADEM; Mary O. Fadem, Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. UNITED STATES of America, Defendant-Appellee.
CourtU.S. Court of Appeals — Ninth Circuit

Robert S. Fadem and Mary O. Fadem, San Diego, CA, in pro per.

D. Michael Waltz, Asst. U.S. Atty., San Diego, CA, for defendant-appellee.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of California.

Before BRIGHT **, WIGGINS and T.G. NELSON, Circuit Judges.

T.G. NELSON, Circuit Judge:

OVERVIEW

Robert and Mary Fadem (the Fadems) filed suit under the Quiet Title Act (QTA), 28 U.S.C. Sec. 2409a, challenging the United States' claim to real property in San Diego County, California. They appeal the district court's dismissal of the case which held that the Fadems' claim was time-barred; equitable tolling does not apply to the QTA; and the Fadems had notice of the "contours" of the Government's claim. We reverse and remand, holding that the doctrine of equitable tolling applies to the QTA and that the "contours" doctrine is limited. 1 Thus, depending on the facts as determined by the district court on remand, the Fadems may have a viable claim under the QTA.

FACTS AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

The Fadems are the owners of a large tract of high desert land in San Diego County, California. This land is located in Section 9 of Township 13 South, Range 7 East, San Bernardino Meridian. The United States owns property in Section 10 which is adjacent to and east of the Fadems' property. Thus, the boundary between the Fadems and the United States is the line between Sections 9 and 10, and its disputed location gave rise to this suit.

The Fadems allege they have always had a good faith belief the boundary between Sections 9 and 10 was marked by an accepted historical monument, a redwood post. However, the history of the property's use by the Fadems and by the Bureau of Land Management (BLM), which manages the United States' property, does not clearly support the Fadems' allegation. Two incidents occurring in the 1960s are significant in determining whether the Fadems had notice of the Government's claim; they include a dispute over a BLM permit for a reservoir and the BLM's construction of a road.

In 1963, the Fadems applied for a permit from the BLM for a reservoir. However, the reservoir was located approximately 300 feet west of the redwood post which the Fadems allege marked the eastern boundary of their property. If the Fadems indeed own all the property up to the redwood post, then no permit for the reservoir would have been necessary. In accord with their alleged belief that they own all the property up to the redwood post, when the BLM requested that the Fadems renew the reservoir permit in 1968, they refused.

As a result of this refusal, the Fadems exchanged correspondence with the BLM, which finally acknowledged in a letter dated October 30, 1970, that there was a legitimate boundary dispute. The BLM agreed to conduct a survey to determine the exact location of the line between Sections 9 and 10 before requiring the Fadems to renew their permit. The letter stated that:

[The Assistant Secretary of the Interior] concluded that a question of land status had been sufficiently raised by your correspondence to suspend the matter pending a cadastral survey of the section line common to section 9 and 10. If an official survey confirms the location of the reservoir on public land, you will be required, following notification, to secure a right-of-way as you were requested in 1968.

Apparently, this survey was completed in 1970, but not approved until 1980. According to the survey, the line between Section 9 and Section 10 was located approximately 200 feet west of the reservoir. As a result, the Government claims title to the entire 500 feet of land between the line established by the survey and the redwood post. 2 The Fadems claim they did not find out about the survey results until after they filed a conversion action against the Government in December 1983, alleging thefts by BLM employees of culverts and culvert connectors from the Fadems' ranch. However, the Fadems may have had some notice of the survey in 1981 due to a "passing remark" of a BLM employee.

Also, sometime in the mid-1960s, the BLM constructed a road which extended an existing road across the eastern section of the property. Although the exact date of this construction is unclear, it may have given the Fadems notice of the Government's claim at least to the eastern section and certainly to a right of way across this section.

Finally, in February 1988, the Fadems filed suit against the Government pursuant to the QTA challenging its claim to the disputed property. The district court granted the Government's motion for dismissal, holding that, with regard to the eastern section of the disputed land, the Fadems had notice for over twelve years prior to the filing of the suit, and thus, their claim was barred by the statute of limitations. See 28 U.S.C. Sec. 2409a(g). Further, it held that the doctrine of equitable tolling did not apply under

the QTA. With regard to the western section of disputed land, the district court held that the Fadems had notice of the "contours" of the United States' claim, and thus, a suit challenging title to this section was also barred.

DISCUSSION
A. Standard of Review

The district court's dismissal on statute of limitations grounds presents a question of law reviewed de novo. Washington v. Garrett, 10 F.3d 1421, 1428 (9th Cir.1993).

B. Equitable Tolling and the QTA

"Under the [QTA], the United States, subject to certain exceptions, has waived its sovereign immunity [permitting] plaintiffs to name it as a party defendant in civil actions to adjudicate title disputes involving real property in which the United States claims an interest." Block v. North Dakota, 461 U.S. 273, 275-76, 103 S.Ct. 1811, 1813-14, 75 L.Ed.2d 840 (1983) (footnote omitted). The QTA provides "the exclusive procedure by which a claimant can judicially challenge the title of the United States to real property." Id. at 276-77, 103 S.Ct. at 1814. Claims brought pursuant to the QTA are subject to a twelve-year statute of limitations:

Any civil action under this section ... shall be barred unless it is commenced within twelve years of the date upon which it accrued. Such action shall be deemed to have accrued on the date the plaintiff or his predecessor in interest knew or should have known of the claim of the United States.

28 U.S.C. Sec. 2409a(g).

In McIntyre v. United States, 789 F.2d 1408 (9th Cir.1986), we held that this statute of limitations was "a jurisdictional prerequisite" and that "equitable estoppel or tolling [could not] be used to circumvent the Act's 12-year statute of limitations." Id. at 1411. However, we now hold that this rule in McIntyre was overruled by the Supreme Court's subsequent decision in Irwin v. Department of Veterans Affairs, 498 U.S. 89, 111 S.Ct. 453, 112 L.Ed.2d 435 (1990).

In Irwin, the Supreme Court addressed the issue of whether the plaintiff's claim was barred by 42 U.S.C. Sec. 2000e-16(c), requiring a civil suit under Title VII to be filed within 30 days of receipt of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission's right-to-sue letter. Id. at 92, 111 S.Ct. at 455. It held that "the same rebuttable presumption of equitable tolling applicable to suits against private defendants should also apply to suits against the United States. Congress, of course, may provide otherwise if it wishes to do so." Id. at 95-96, 111 S.Ct. at 457. Although the Court in Irwin was addressing a claim under Title VII, it intended to create a general rule that equitable tolling was a defense to all federal statutes of limitations, unless Congress provided otherwise. Id.; see also Goodhand v. United States, 40 F.3d 209, 213 (7th Cir.1994); Glarner v. United States, Dep't of Veterans Admin., 30 F.3d 697, 701 (6th Cir.1994); Long v. Frank, 22 F.3d 54, 58 (2d Cir.1994), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 115 S.Ct. 938, 130 L.Ed.2d 883 (1995).

The Government offers several arguments challenging the applicability of equitable tolling to the QTA's statute of limitations. All of its arguments are premised on the assertion that the presumption of equitable tolling established by Irwin is rebutted because Congress provided that equitable tolling does not apply to the QTA's statute of limitations. We reject each of the Government's arguments.

First, the Government relies on Block, 461 U.S. at 273, 103 S.Ct. at 1813, to argue that the QTA's statute of limitations is jurisdictional. In Block, the Court held that if a suit under the QTA is time-barred by the statute of limitations, then federal courts have "no jurisdiction to inquire into the merits." Id. at 292, 103 S.Ct. at 1823. Similarly, the Court in United States v. Mottaz, 476 U.S. 834, 106 S.Ct. 2224, 90 L.Ed.2d 841 (1986), held that "[w]hen the United States consents to be sued, the terms of its waiver of sovereign immunity define the extent of the court's jurisdiction." Id. at 841, 106 S.Ct. at 2229. " '[A] statute of limitations ... constitutes a condition on the waiver of sovereign immunity,' " and thus, defines jurisdiction. Id. (quoting Block, 461 U.S. at 287, 103 S.Ct. at 1820). However, the Court in Irwin reasoned that "making the rule of equitable tolling applicable to suits against the Government, in the same way that it is applicable to private suits, amounts to little, if any, broadening of the congressional waiver." 498 U.S. at 95, 111 S.Ct. at 457. Thus, as this court has previously noted, the Court in Irwin "held that federal statutory time limitations on suits against the government are not jurisdictional in nature." Garrett, 10 F.3d at 1437 (emphasis added) (citing Irwin, 498 U.S. at 89, 111 S.Ct. at 454). Consequently, we hold that the statements in...

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