Felker v. Caldwell
| Decision Date | 25 June 1919 |
| Docket Number | 23,377 |
| Parties | Felker et al. v. Caldwell |
| Court | Indiana Supreme Court |
From Marion Circuit Court, (28,049); Louis B. Ewbank, Judge.
Action by Marion Caldwell against Adam H. Felker and others. From a judgment for the plaintiff, the defendant appeals.
Affirmed.
Myers Gates & Ralston and Charles E. Cox, for appellant.
Ele Stansbury, Attorney-General, U. S. Lesh and John F. Robbins for the state.
OPINION
On July 7, 1917, appellee brought this suit against appellants, Felker and his deputies, and thereafter such steps were taken and proceedings had that a temporary injunction was granted enjoining the appellants and all other persons assuming to act as deputies, or otherwise, from in any manner interfering with appellee as state supervisor of oil inspection, or his deputies in the discharge of their duties, "until such time as it shall first be established by the adjudication of a competent tribunal that said Adam H. Felker had a superior title to the said office of State Supervisor of Oil Inspection, or until the further order of this court." It further appears that appellee on June 22, 1917, was appointed by the Governor of the State of Indiana, state supervisor of oil inspection under the provision of an act of the general assembly approved March 11, 1901. Acts 1901 p. 516, § 7890 Burns 1914. He thereupon gave bond and qualified as required by law. On July 2, 1917, appellant Felker was appointed by the state geologist as state supervisor of oil inspection under the provisions of an act of the legislature. Acts 1891 p. 29. Felker gave bond and qualified as required by the law under which he claims to act, appointed deputies throughout the state, and proceeded to take steps to enforce the law relating to the inspection of oil, etc.
The errors here assigned on the rulings of the trial court challenge the legality of the order of the trial court granting a temporary injunction.
Appellants insist that a court of equity is without jurisdiction to grant injunctive relief in a case where it clearly appears that the real controversy involves the title to a public office. Appellee takes the position that by virtue of his appointment and commission he was a de facto officer acting under color of authority, and as such officer he was entitled to have the status quo preserved as against an adverse claimant who was interfering with him in the performance of the duties of such office, until such time as the title thereto could be determined in a proper proceeding for that purpose.
Appellants' insistence is not well taken for the reason that the title to the office of state supervisor of oil inspection was clearly an unsettled question, and in such cases one claimant to the office may be enjoined by one occupying the office under a claim of right until the former shall have established his title in an action at law. Parsons v. Durand (1897), 150 Ind. 203, 49 N.E. 1047; Brady v. Sweetland (1874), 13 Kan. 41; State, ex rel. v. Superior Court (1897), 17 Wash. 12, 48 P. 741, 61 Am. St. 893; Reemelin v. Mosby (1890), 47 Ohio St. 570, 26 N.E. 717; Rhodes v. Driver (1901), 69 Ark. 606, 65 S.W. 106, 86 Am. St. 215; Stenglein v. Saginaw Circuit Judge (1901), 128 Mich. 440, 87 N.W. 449; Guillotte v. Poincy (1889), 41 La. Ann. 333, 6 So. 507, 5 L. R. A. 403; 2 Joyce, Injunctions § 1380; 2 High, Injunctions (4th ed.) § 1315.
In this state public offices are either constitutional or legislative. In this case the office in question is not a constitutional one; consequently it must be one created by the legislature or none exists. However, the power of the legislature to create it is not questioned, nor is there any constitutional objection urged.
In considering the questions here presented, the circumstances existing at the time the trial court gave its decision must not be overlooked. With this observation in mind, it will be seen that at that time the act of 1901, supra, was on our statute books, and presumably a valid law. State, ex rel. v. Billheimer (1912), 178 Ind. 83, 96 N.E. 801; Hanly v. Sims (1910), 175 Ind. 345, 93 N.E. 228, 94 N.E. 401; Cincinnati, etc., R. Co. v. McCullom (1915), 183 Ind. 556, 109 N.E. 206, Ann. Cas. 1917E 1165. At least, if it was unconstitutional or invalid for any reason, it was not so judicially declared.
This court in the case of Parker v. State (1893), 133 Ind. 178, 200, 32 N.E. 836, 33 N.E. 119, 18 L. R. A. 567, said: "It seems to be well settled that one who is elected or appointed to an office under an unconstitutional statute, before it is adjudged to be so, is an officer de facto."
Appellee was appointed and qualified under the act of 1901. This act for more than sixteen years was acquiesced in by all parties concerned as well as the public generally. True, on June 27, 1917, the District Court of the United States for the District of Indiana, on the ground that the act of 1901 was a revenue measure, enjoined appellee from inspecting and interfering with oils which were interstate shipments. However this may be, the question of the validity of the act under which appellee was appointed was not then pending before, or determined by, any court of this state, nor had this court passed on the effect of the federal court decision. We take it for granted that the federal court did not pass on the question as to whether or not the act was inhibited by our state Constitution. That is a state question. Ex Parte Spencer (1912), 228 U.S. 652, 664, 33 S.Ct. 709, 57 L.Ed. 1010. While the decision of the federal court had the effect of excluding interstate shipments of oil from the operation of certain provisions of the statute under which appellee was acting, yet it is not our understanding that such decision in any wise affected appellee's title to the office of state supervisor of oil inspection. The question of title to the office is not here involved, and will not be considered as a question presented by this record. Parsons v. Durand, supra.
In 1881 (Acts 1881 p. 571), a general law on the subject of inspection of oils was enacted, and the Governor was thereby authorized to appoint for the term of two years a suitable person with certain specific qualifications to perform the duties required by that act. In 1891 (Acts 1891 p. 29), the general assembly expressly created the office of state supervisor of oil inspection, prescribed the duties thereof, fixed the compensation of such officer, and abolished the office known by the act of 1881 as state inspector of oils, and gave the appointive power to the state geologist, who was authorized to fill the office by appointment for a term of four years. This enactment was challenged and held valid by this court in the case of State, ex rel. v. Hyde (1891), 129 Ind. 296, 28 N.E. 186, 13 L. R. A. 79. Looking to the law in force in 1891, on the subject now being considered, it will be seen that the two acts--1881 and 1891--together furnished the law at that time in this state on the subject of oil inspection. That law for a period of ten years thereafter was enforced by an officer characterized as "state supervisor of oil inspection."
The 1901 act, supra, was entitled "An Act regulating the inspection of oils and other petroleum products, providing penalties for its violation and repealing all former laws, and laws in conflict therewith." This act, as its title indicates, has reference to the manner of inspecting oils and other petroleum products only. It has no provision expressly creating an office, but provides that such inspection as therein designated shall be made by the state supervisor of oil inspection, an office theretofore created by positive legislative action, and at that time being administered by an incumbent who, so far as it appears from this act, was to continue in office until January 1, 1903, when by the provisions of this act the Governor was to appoint his successor and every four years thereafter. Under this act, the duties of the state supervisor of oil inspection were not materially different from those required of this officer under the act of 1881, except that his duties were extended to include the inspection of gasoline, petroleum-ether, or similar or like substances under whatever name called.
Under the former acts this officer was compensated by fees collected from those requiring his services, while in the 1901 act he received a salary of $ 2,500 per year to be paid out of the state treasury. His salary since 1903 has been by the appropriation act increased to $ 3,500 per year, with an addition of $ 600 for office expenses, and in ...
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