Fields v. State

• Citation: 178 Ind.App. 350,382 N.E.2d 972
• Decision Date: 21 November 1978
• Docket Number: No. 1-378A75,1-378A75
• Parties: Wilson FIELDS, Defendant-Appellant, v. STATE of Indiana, Plaintiff-Appellee.
• Court: Indiana Appellate Court

Page 972

382 N.E.2d 972

178 Ind.App. 350

Wilson FIELDS, Defendant-Appellant, v. STATE of Indiana, Plaintiff-Appellee.

No. 1-378A75.

Court of Appeals of Indiana, First District.

Nov. 21, 1978.

Harriette Bailey Conn, Public Defender, David P. Fruend, Deputy Public Defender, Indianapolis, for defendant-appellant.

Theodore L. Sendak, Atty. Gen., Kenneth R. Stamm, Deputy Atty. Gen., Indianapolis, for plaintiff-appellee.

LOWDERMILK, Judge.

STATEMENT OF THE CASE

Defendant-appellant Wilson Fields appeals from his convictions for resisting and interfering with a police officer, ¹ disorderly conduct, ² and assault and battery. ³

FACTS

On July 13, 1976 Robert Miller, the Chief of Police of the City of Rushville was supervising the placing of no parking signs along the street in front of Wilson Fields' home. As a result Wilson Fields was told by Chief Miller that he would have to move his pick-up truck, which had been parked in front of his home, to another location. Fields complied with the request and moved his truck further down the street to a location where parking was not prohibited.

Later that day Chief Miller noticed that Fields' pick-up, though not in a no parking zone, had special machinery license plates. In that he felt that such special machinery plates were improper for a pick-up Chief Miller ordered a Rushville police officer by the name of Omer Fields to call a tow truck and have Wilson Fields' pick-up removed from the the city streets. As the wrecker, which Officer Fields had called, was backing up to hook onto the pick-up, Wilson Fields appeared on the scene and drove his wrecker between his pick-up and the wrecker which had been summoned by the police.

When Wilson Fields got out of his wrecker to hook on to his pick-up Officer Fields told him to get out of the way, that a wrecker had already been called to tow the pick-up. Officer Fields also told Wilson Fields that he would be arrested for interfering with a police officer if he did not get out of the way. When Wilson Fields continued to hook up his pick-up to his wrecker, Officer Fields placed him under arrest for interfering with a police officer and attempted to apprehend him.

Within moments thereafter Chief Miller appeared on the scene to aid Officer Fields in his attempt to subdue Wilson Fields. Wilson Fields had squatted down behind his wrecker and was holding onto the towing cable when both Chief Miller and Officer Fields grabbed him and attempted to pull him away from the cable and place handcuffs on him. When their initial efforts failed to dislodge Wilson Fields the police officers sprayed chemical mace in his face. Shortly thereafter, David Clevenger, a deputy sheriff, arrived on the scene. With Clevenger's assistance the officers were able to subdue Wilson Fields and place handcuffs on him.

Before Wilson Fields was placed in the police car, he, while handcuffed, kicked at Chief Miller and landed a glancing blow to Chief Miller's chin. From the time that he Wilson Fields was charged with resisting and interfering with a police officer, disorderly conduct, and assault and battery. Verdicts of guilty were rendered on all three charges, and Wilson Fields was sentenced to be imprisoned for six months on each charge, the sentences to be served concurrently, and was fined $100 for the assault and battery and $50 for the disorderly conduct.

had arrived on the scene until after he had been placed in the police car Wilson Fields yelled at, threatened, and swore at the police officers present. A large crowd of people assembled to watch the disturbance.

ISSUES

The issues which have been presented for review are as follows:

1. Whether Wilson Fields' arrest for interfering with a police officer was an illegal arrest.

2. Whether Wilson Fields had the right to resist what he alleged to be an illegal arrest.

3. Whether the trial court erred in refusing to give Wilson Fields' tendered Instruction No. 4 to the jury.

4. Whether the court erred in sentencing him upon both the assault and battery conviction and on the disorderly conduct conviction.

Issue One

Wilson Fields contends that he had a legal right to remove his own pick-up truck, that he was not interfering with Officer Fields' official duties when he (Wilson Fields) attempted to remove his pick-up, and that his initial arrest for interfering with a police officer was illegal.

In that Wilson Fields' pick-up truck displayed the wrong kind of license plate, but was not otherwise illegally parked, the police officers should have treated the truck as an abandoned vehicle. ⁴ Concerning the removal of an abandoned vehicle, IC 1971, 9-9-1.6-8 (Burns Supp.1977) provides:

"9-9-1.6-8. Notice tag, removal and storage of vehicles. Any officer who finds a vehicle or parts to be abandoned, as defined in section 4 (9-9-1.6-4) of this chapter, and therefore in violation of its provisions, shall attach thereto in a prominent place, a notice tag which shall contain the following information:

(a) the date, time, officer's name, public agency and address and telephone number to contact for information: (sic)

(b) that the vehicle or parts are considered abandoned;

(c) that the vehicle or parts will be removed seventy-two (72) hours thereafter;

(d) that the owner will be held responsible for all costs incidental to the removal and disposal; and

(e) that the owner may avoid costs by removal of the vehicle or parts within seventy-two (72) hours.

If the tagged vehicle or parts are not removed within that seventy-two (72) hours period, the officer shall prepare a written description of the vehicle or parts including information on the condition, missing parts and other facts which would substantiate whether the market value is more or less than one hundred dollars ($100). Photographs may be taken to describe the condition of the vehicle or parts. The officer shall thereupon require the vehicle or parts to be towed to an area approved by the bureau for storage. (IC 1971, 9-9-1.6-8, as added by Acts 1975, P.L. 108, § 1, p. 688.)"

The facts in the case at bar clearly show that the Rushville police had no legal right to remove Wilson Fields' pick-up at the time they attempted to do so, nor did they have the legal right to prohibit Wilson Fields from removing his pick-up himself. In fact, IC 9-9-1.6-8, Supra, specifically states that the owner of an abandoned vehicle may avoid removal and storage costs by moving the abandoned vehicle himself.

Officer Fields had no legal duty to remove Wilson Fields' pick-up at that time; in fact, he had a legal duty not to. Therefore, when Wilson Fields attempted to tow away his pick-up, Officer Fields exceeded his legal authority in prohibiting him form doing so. IC 35-21-4-1, Supra, provides:

". . . Whoever shall forcibly assault, resist, oppose, obstruct, prevent, impede or interfere with any peace or police officer of this state, or any person assisting him, while such officer is arresting or attempting to arrest any person, or While such officer is engaged in the execution of any of the duties of such peace or police officer, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and, upon conviction thereof, shall be fined not to exceed one hundred dollars ($100) or imprisoned not more than six (6) months, or both. . . ." (Our emphasis)

Since Wilson Fields was not interfering with the execution of Officer Fields' legal duties, his arrest for interfering with a police officer was illegal.

Issue Two

Owing to our holding in Issue One, that Wilson Fields' initial arrest for interfering with a police officer was illegal, we must now determine what effect that illegal arrest had upon Wilson Fields' subsequent actions. It is Wilson Fields' contention that he had the right to offer reasonable resistance to prevent his being arrested illegally. The only Indiana cases which we have found that address this matter are Heichelbech v. State (1972), 258 Ind. 334, 281 N.E.2d 102, and Williams v. State (1974), 160 Ind.App. 294, 311 N.E.2d 619. See also Annotation, 44 A.L.R.3d 1078. In Heichelbech, supra, the defendant had been lawfully arrested for driving while under the influence of alcohol, but the defendant resisted the arrest by wrestling with the arresting officer. In Williams, supra, the defendant was arrested without a warrant for an alleged assault and battery, which occurred outside the presence of the arresting officer, but the defendant used excessive force (a deadly weapon) in resisting the arrest.

In Heichelbech, supra, and in Williams, supra, both this court and our Supreme Court recognized that at common law a person was permitted to resist an unlawful arrest with reasonable force. However, both the court in Heichelbach, supra, and the court in Williams, supra, quickly pointed out that recent cases have held that a private citizen may not use force in resisting a peaceful arrest by a person which he knows or has good reason to know was a police officer performing his duties, regardless of whether the arrest was legal or illegal.

We are of the opinion that the common law rule is outmoded in our modern society. A citizen, today, can seek his remedy for a policeman's unwarranted and illegal intrusion into the citizen's private affairs by bringing a civil action in the courts against the police officer and the governmental unit which the officer represents. The common law right of forceful resistance to an unlawful arrest tends to promote violence and increases the chances of someone getting injured or killed. In Miller v. State (1969), Alaska, 462 P.2d 421, 426-427, the Supreme Court of Alaska stated the following:

"Lastly, we take up the question of whether one can resist a peaceful arrest even though the arrest is unlawful. The weight of authoritative precedent supports a right to repel an unlawful arrest with force. . . . This was the rule at common law. It was based upon the proposition that everyone should be privileged to use reasonable force to prevent an unlawful...