Flowers v. State

• Decision Date: 23 October 1992
• Citation: 608 So.2d 764
• Parties: Mark FLOWERS v. STATE. CR 91-1348.
• Court: Alabama Court of Criminal Appeals

Page 764

608 So.2d 764

Mark FLOWERS v. STATE.

CR 91-1348.

Court of Criminal Appeals of Alabama.

Oct. 23, 1992.

Lindsay Clay Callaham, Montgomery, for appellant.

James H. Evans, Atty. Gen., and Stephen Dodd, Asst. Atty. Gen., for appellee.

BOWEN, Judge.

This is an appeal from the appellant's conviction for robbery in the first degree and sentence, as a habitual offender, to life imprisonment without possibility of parole.

The appellant's trial began on April 24, 1992, and recessed for lunch. The appellant, who was free on $10,000 bond, failed to return to the courtroom after the lunch recess. Upon a finding that the appellant had voluntarily absented himself from the proceedings, the trial court issued a bond forfeiture order and a capias warrant for the appellant's arrest, and continued the trial in the appellant's absence. The appellant was convicted and sentenced in absentia. His appellate counsel, who was also his trial counsel, raises four issues on appeal.

I

The Attorney General filed a motion to dismiss the appeal on the ground that the appellant, by escaping, abandoned his right to appeal. There is no merit to this contention since, at the time the appellant failed to return to his trial, he was free on bond and did not "escape" from custody. See Gulledge v. State, 526 So.2d 654 (Ala.Cr.App.1988).

II

The trial court did not err by finding that the defense failed to prove a prima facie case of discrimination under Batson v. Kentucky, 476 U.S. 79, 106 S.Ct. 1712, 90 L.Ed.2d 69 (1986), and Ex parte Branch, 526 So.2d 609 (Ala.1987). The jury venire was composed of 30 people, 7 (23%) of whom were black. The State struck three black persons and four black persons served on the jury (33%).

Under Harrell v. State, 571 So.2d 1270 (Ala.1990), cert. denied, 499 U.S. 984, 111 S.Ct. 1641, 113 L.Ed.2d 736 (1991), the appellant failed to present a prima facie case of discrimination.

"A defendant must offer some evidence in addition to the striking of blacks that would raise an inference of discrimination. When the evidence shows only that blacks were struck and that a greater percentage of blacks sat on the jury than sat on the lawfully established venire, an inference of discrimination has not been created. Logically, if statistical evidence may be used to establish a prima facie case of discrimination, by showing a discriminatory impact, ... then it should also be available to show the absence of a discriminatory purpose."

Harrell, 571 So.2d at 1271-72. The State was not required to come forward with the reasons for its strikes of the three black prospective jurors.

The appellant argued that he had provided other evidence, in addition to the striking of blacks, that would raise an inference of racial discrimination and contribute to a prima facie case, specifically the fact that the Montgomery County District Attorney's office had a history of racial discrimination. The trial court rejected that fact on the basis that "that history was established under a prior district attorney." R. 21.

III

Although appellate counsel concedes that he received notice of the prior convictions upon which the State intended to rely for habitual offender sentencing, he argues that the trial court erred by sentencing the appellant in absentia because the appellant did not personally receive formal notice of those convictions, or notice of the time, date and place of the sentencing proceeding.

Counsel relies on the following emphasized portion of Rule 26.7, A.R.Crim.P., relating to the defendant's right to be present at sentencing:

"The defendant has the right to be present at the sentence hearing and at sentencing. Failure of the defendant to appear at the hearing or for sentencing will not delay the pronouncement and entry of judgment and sentence if the defendant's right to be present has been waived, either in writing or by the defendant's nonappearance after notice of the time, date, and place of the sentence hearing or sentencing."

Although Rule 26.7 appears to mandate that a defendant may not waive his presence at sentencing unless he has prior notice of the time, place and date of the sentencing proceedings, that rule must be read in conjunction with Rule 9.1, the general provision establishing a defendant's right to be present at every stage of the trial. Rule 9.1 provides in pertinent part:

"(b) WAIVER OF THE RIGHT TO BE PRESENT.

"(1) Except as provided in subsection (2), a defendant may waive the right to be present at any proceeding in the following manner:

"....

"(ii) By the defendant's absence from any proceeding, upon the court's finding that such absence was voluntary and constitutes an understanding and voluntary waiver of the right to be present, and that the defendant had notice of the time and place of the proceeding and was informed of the right to be present.

"(2) A defendant may not waive the right to be present if:

"....

"(ii) The defendant is not represented by counsel at the proceedings at which the defendant is not present, except in minor misdemeanor cases or proceedings conducted after the defendant has been adjudicated guilty."

While Rules 26.7 and 9.1 speak in terms of "waiver" of the right to be present, "it would seem preferable to view the matter [under the circumstances present here] in terms of forfeiture of a right by misconduct." 3 W. LaFave & J. Israel, Criminal Procedure § 23.2 at 7 (1984). Reading both Rule 26.7 and Rule 9.1 together, we conclude that a defendant who has been present for the beginning of the guilt adjudication stage of his trial and then voluntarily absents himself forfeits his right to be present for the remaining portions of his trial, including the sentencing stage, if sentencing immediately follows the verdict. Our conclusion that the appellant forfeited his right to be...