Foor v. State

• Decision Date: 06 April 1977
• Docket Number: No. 3--676A126,3--676A126
• Citation: 360 N.E.2d 1273,172 Ind.App. 618
• Parties: Larry Finley FOOR, Defendant-Appellant, v. STATE of Indiana, Plaintiff-Appellee.
• Court: Indiana Appellate Court

Page 1273

360 N.E.2d 1273

172 Ind.App. 618

Larry Finley FOOR, Defendant-Appellant, v. STATE of Indiana, Plaintiff-Appellee.

No. 3--676A126.

Court of Appeals of Indiana, Third District.

April 6, 1977.

Robert S. Bechert, Deputy Public Defender, Fort Wayne, for defendant-appellant.

Theo. L. Sendak, Atty. Gen., David A. Arthur, Deputy Atty. Gen., Indianapolis, for plaintiff-appellee.

HOFFMAN, Judge.

Defendant-appellant Larry Finley Foor was charged by amended information as an accessory before the fact to a violation of the Indiana Uniform Controlled Substances Act. Trial to the court resulted in a finding of guilty as charged.

The sole issue presented on appeal is whether there is substantial evidence of probative value from which the trier of fact could reasonably infer that appellant was guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.

The evidence and reasonable inferences most favorable to the State disclose that at approximately 6:30 P.M. on the evening of February 27, 1975, Officers Bill John Guevara ¹ and George E. Colby were shooting pool at the Northcrest Bowling Alley. A young lady, later identified as Susan Miller, approached the officers and asked Officer Guevara if he 'wanted to buy some reds.' Officer Guevara was informed that the price was $1 per capsule. Officer Guevara asked whether she could get a larger quantity to sell him because what she had in her hand was insufficient. Susan Miller stated that she didn't have any more on her and that she would 'check with her man.' She then walked over to another pool table approximately twenty feet from the officers and had a conversation with appellant. The officers could not hear the conversation. However, during the conversation, they observed appellant nod his head up and down.

Ms. Miller then returned and offered to sell as many as thirty-five capsules. The officers told her they wanted to go outside to gransact the sale. Once outside Officer Guevara gave Miller $5 and she gave him five 'reds' from a plastic box which contained a larger quantity. Officer Colby then identified himself as a police officer and placed Susan Miller under arrest.

The day following her arrest Lt. Gerald Hall of the Juvenile Division took a statement from Ms. Miller. In that statement she stated that the Seconal she had attempted to sell to the police officers was given to her by appellant, that appellant pointed out someone to her whom he said desired to purchase drugs, and that she went over to talk to appellant after her initial conversation with the police officers to ascertain whether appellant could supply a larger quantity.

At trial Susan Miller's testimony was in direct conflict with her statement to Lt. Hall. She testified that she was at the bowling alley with both appellant and Mike Melvin, that Melvin asked her to sell the capsules, that Melvin pointed out the officers as potential buyers, that she had 30--35 capsules on her when she approached the officers, and that Melvin was 'the man' to whom she was referring in regards to supplying a larger quantity of the drug for sale to the officers.

Appellant contends on appeal that there was insufficient evidence adduced at trial from which the court could reasonably infer that appellant was guilty beyond a reasonable doubt of the crime charged. Appellant asserts that Susan Miller's statement to Lt. Hall the day following the sale of narcotics to the police officers was the only direct evidence of appellant's guilt, and that, when viewed with her in-court testimony implicating Mike Melvin rather than appellant, places a heavy emphasis upon the quality of her statement to Lt. Hall as substantial evidence of probative value.

A verdict of guilty in a criminal trial is supported by sufficient evidence where the evidence of probative value most favorable to the State and the reasonable inferences which may be drawn therefrom would permit a reasonable trier of fact to find the existence of each element of the crime charged beyond a reasonable doubt. Rosell v. State (1976), Ind., 352 N.E.2d 750; Cowherd v. State (1970), 253 Ind. 693, 256 N.E.2d 679. If reasonable men could not have drawn those conclusions from the evidence presented, then the evidence is insufficient as a matter of law. Rosell v. State, supra. If reasonable men could differ as to whether the evidence upon which to base a conviction of an accused is sufficient, the judgment of guilty will not be set aside as unsupported by the evidence. Rosell v. State, supra.

Substantial evidence has been defined as such relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might accept as sufficient to support a conclusion. Vonville v. Dexter (1948), 118 Ind.App. 187, 208, 76 N.E.2d 856, reh. den. 77 N.E.2d 759 (transfer denied). Substantial evidence of probative value possesses qualities of directness and freedom from uncertainty. Vuncannon v. State (1970), 254 Ind. 206, 258 N.E.2d 639. However, this does not require mathematical certainty. Turner v. State (1972), 259 Ind. 344, 287 N.E.2d 339. Nor does it imply that conflicts in the testimony of the State's witnesses or in the testimony of any one witness prevents such testimony from reaching the required standard of proof necessary to support a conviction. Rosell v. State, supra; Turner v. State, supra; Livingston v. State (1972), 257 Ind. 620, 277 N.E.2d 363.

An out-of-court statement, such as the one given by Susan Miller in the case at bar, was traditionally objectionable as hearsay. However, in Patterson v. State (1975), Ind., 324 N.E.2d 482, our Supreme Court departed from its earlier application of the hearsay rule and permitted the use of out-of-court assertions as substantive evidence when the declarant was present in court and available for cross-examination. In Torrence v. State (1975), Ind., 328 N.E.2d 214, it was held that a prior...