Fore v. Com.

• Decision Date: 18 April 1980
• Docket Number: No. 790625,790625
• Citation: 265 S.E.2d 729,220 Va. 1007
• Parties: Theodore G. FORE v. COMMONWEALTH of Virginia. Record
• Court: Virginia Supreme Court

Page 729

265 S.E.2d 729

220 Va. 1007

Theodore G. FORE v.COMMONWEALTH of Virginia.

Record No. 790625.

Supreme Court of Virginia.

April 18, 1980.

Steven M. Garver, Reston, for appellant.

Vera S. Warthen, Asst. Atty. Gen. (Marshall Coleman, Atty. Gen., on brief), for appellee.

Before I'ANSON, C. J., and CARRICO, HARRISON, COCHRAN, THOMPSON, POFF and COMPTON, JJ.

COCHRAN, Justice.

In a jury trial, Theodore G. Fore was convicted of burglary and sentenced to serve seven years in the penitentiary.We granted him a writ of error limited to the question whether his conviction was based upon evidence improperly seized in a warrantless search of an automobile.

The trial court conducted a pretrial hearing on Fore's motion to suppress evidence.Fore testified that in mid-November, 1977, he left a 1970 Buick, owned by him but titled in the name of his wife as Virginia Rosanna Donnelly, at Sheehy Ford in Prince Georges County, Maryland, for an estimate of the cost of brake repairs.He handed the only set of keys to the Service Manager, gave his name as Bobby Wheeler, with a Maryland address, rented a car, and listed the telephone number of his mother-in-law, who resided in the District of Columbia, where he could be called.Fore testified that he subsequently returned a telephone call from Sheehy Ford, and refused to authorize the work because the estimate he received was too high.He was never served with a warrant authorizing the search of his car, but he was informed that the vehicle had been searched and seized by police officers in Prince Georges County.

Detective Alan L. Creveling, of the Prince Georges County Police Department, testified at the suppression hearing that he conducted the search of Fore's automobile.Prior to December 12, 1977, he had information that Fore, his wife, Christine, and one Ann Zerega had committed burglaries that the officer was investigating.Creveling knew that one of Fore's aliases was Bobby Jack Wheeler, and that one of Christine Fore's aliases was Virginia Donnelly.

Creveling testified that at 8:00 a. m. on December 12, 1977, he received a telephone call from Detective Bradley, of the District of Columbia Police Department, who stated that Christine Fore had been cooperating with him in his efforts to recover property stolen in various burglaries.Bradley described the articles that had been recovered.He also informed Creveling that Christine said that she and Fore had left at Sheehy Ford a 1970 Buick containing stolen property, including women's clothes, taken in burglaries committed in Prince Georges County.Bradley reported that Fore had been arrested and incarcerated in the District of Columbia and the car he was driving had been impounded.Creveling understood that Christine was not under arrest, and he was not aware of her whereabouts.Nor was he aware of Zerega's status, but he knew that she had cooperated with the Fairfax County police and that she had identified residences in Prince Georges County where she had been involved in burglaries with Fore.

After reviewing his file and conversing with one of the burglary victims, Creveling telephoned Bradley that some of the articles which Bradley had recovered matched the description of the victim's stolen property.Creveling then proceeded alone by automobile to Sheehy Ford, arriving just before 9:30 a. m., after travel time that he estimated at 20 to 30 minutes.The officer ascertained that a 1970 Buick registered in the name of Virginia Roseanne Donnelly had been left for brake repairs by a man who identified himself as Bobby Wheeler.The man had rented another car from Sheehy Ford to use while the Buick was being repaired.Creveling was shown the repair order.A Sheehy Ford representative, who informed the detective that the repairs had been completed and the car "was ready to go", was disturbed because there had been ample time for the owner to claim the vehicle.The Buick, parked on the Sheehy Ford parking lot, was not locked; the trunk lock was missing, so that no key was required.Using his own screwdriver, Creveling opened the trunk and found stolen articles of clothing that were subsequently identified by the owners at Fore's trial in the court below.The officer seized the stolen property and impounded the vehicle.

Creveling testified that he first decided he had sufficient information to obtain a search warrant when he arrived at Sheehy Ford and discovered the presence of the Fore car, left there by Fore under his alias.However, the officer did not then have time to obtain a search warrant because he wished to remove any stolen property from the car before the vehicle left the premises.The nearest place where he could have found a District Court or Circuit Court judge to issue a search warrant, which he testified was required in Maryland, was 20 to 30 minutes from Sheehy Ford by car, and he could not be sure of the availability of a judge.Creveling did not know how many keys there were to the Buick.

At the conclusion of the suppression hearing, the trial court, relying upon Thims v. Commonwealth, 218 Va. 85, 235 S.E.2d 443(1977), andPatty v. Commonwealth, 218 Va. 150, 235 S.E.2d 437(1977), cert. denied, 434 U.S. 1010, 98 S.Ct. 721, 54 L.Ed.2d 753(1978), denied Fore's motion to suppress.The burden is upon Fore to show that this ruling, when the evidence is considered most favorably to the Commonwealth, constituted reversible error.

As we pointed out in Thims, 218 Va. at 88-89, 235 S.E.2d at 445, under the Fourth Amendment, extended to the states by the Fourteenth Amendment, a warrantless search is per se unreasonable, subject to certain exceptions, including the automobile exception approved in Chambers v. Maroney, 399 U.S. 42, 90 S.Ct. 1975, 26 L.Ed.2d 419(1970).In the present case, therefore, the question is whether the warrantless search comes within the automobile exception to the usual warrant requirement of the Fourth and Fourteenth Amendments.Warrantless searches of automobiles are generally based upon the inherent mobility of the vehicle, and the diminished expectation of privacy of a motorist operating a vehicle on public streets and highways.South Dakota v. Opperman, 428 U.S. 364, 367, 96 S.Ct. 3092, 3096, 49 L.Ed.2d 1000(1976);United States v. Newbourn, 600 F.2d 452, 454(4th Cir.1979).The exception applies only if probable cause supported the search and exigent circumstances justified the officer's failure to obtain a warrant.SeeHaefeli v. Chernoff, 526 F.2d 1314, 1316(1st Cir.1975).

Fore concedes the existence of probable cause, but he argues that it arose from the telephone call made by Inspector Bradley to Creveling.Under Fore's theory, there was no justification for Creveling's failure to obtain a search warrant before he proceeded to Sheehy Ford.Although arguably Bradley's information furnished what a judge would have found to be at least marginal probable cause sufficient to support the issuance of a search warrant, it was reasonable for Creveling to seek verification by personal investigation to ascertain that his information was adequate.Bradley's information came from Christine, who was apparently cooperating with Bradley, but Creveling did not know the extent of her cooperation or where she was at that time.He knew that she had been involved in burglaries, and that she used at least one alias.Under the circumstances, we believe that Creveling acted reasonably and responsibly in following a conservative course of investigating further in person, rather than by telephone, to corroborate the information that he had received through hearsay.His discovery of the Fore vehicle in the location where he was told it had been left unquestionably gave him probable cause to believe the additional information relayed to him that the car trunk contained stolen property.

Even assuming that Creveling had probable cause to search before he proceeded to Sheehy Ford, he was not thereby precluded from making the search.Thus, in Patty v. Commonwealth, supra, we held that a warrantless search of a vehicle was not invalidated because the officers might earlier have obtained a search warrant.One of the authorities upon which we there relied, Cardwell v. Lewis, 417 U.S. 583, 94 S.Ct. 2464, 41 L.Ed.2d 325(1974), states the applicable principle at 595, 94 S.Ct. at 2472:

"Assuming that probable cause previously existed, we know of no case or principle that suggests that the right to search on probable cause and the reasonableness of seizing a car under exigent circumstances are foreclosed if a warrant was not obtained at the first practicable moment."

In United States v. Newbourn, supra, the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit upheld the warrantless search of a vehicle on a public highway when information reasonably indicated that the car trunk contained weapons, although probable cause to support the issuance of a search warrant may have arisen earlier.The following rationale was applied, 600 F.2d at 457:

"As events develop and new information is received police officials are not required to hasten to a magistrate when a minimal probable cause showing arguably might have been made.Nor need they make detours to a magistrate's office at the risk that events might pass them by.At least when probable cause is marginal, particularization difficult and the opportunity to reach a magistrate uncertain, the failure to seek a search warrant does not render a vehicle search on the side of the public highway unlawful after ample probable cause to search has been obtained."

Fore contends that no exigent circumstances existed.He maintains that because he was in custody, Christine and Zerega were cooperating with the police, and the Buick was parked in a fenced lot guarded 24 hours a day, no...