Foster v. Booher, 00-6414.

• Decision Date: 10 July 2002
• Docket Number: No. 00-6414.,00-6414.
• Citation: 296 F.3d 947
• Parties: Hulett FOSTER, Petitioner-Appellant, v. Glynn BOOHER, Warden, Respondent-Appellee.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Tenth Circuit

296 F.3d 947

Hulett FOSTER, Petitioner-Appellant, v.Glynn BOOHER, Warden, Respondent-Appellee.

No. 00-6414.

United States Court of Appeals, Tenth Circuit.

July 10, 2002.

Gloyd L. McCoy, Coyle, McCoy & Burton, Oklahoma City, OK, for Petitioner-Appellant.

Lori S. Carter, Assistant Attorney General(W.A. Drew Edmondson, Attorney General, with her on the brief), Oklahoma City, OK, for Respondent-Appellee.

Before EBEL, KELLY, and LUCERO, Circuit Judges.

LUCERO, Circuit Judge.

Garlotte v. Fordice holds that, for purposes of habeas corpus jurisdiction, a prisoner that is "in custody" for one of a series of consecutive sentences is "in custody" for all of those sentences.515 U.S. 39, 41, 115 S.Ct. 1948, 132 L.Ed.2d 36(1995).Foster appeals the district court's conclusion that it lacked jurisdiction over his 28 U.S.C. § 2254 petition because Garlotte does not apply to consecutive sentences that have been imposed by different courts at different times.Under our jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291and§ 2253(a), we grant a certificate of appealability, reverse, and remand.

I

Foster was convicted of grand larceny after former conviction of a felony on October 25, 1995, in the District Court of McClain County, Oklahoma.He was sentenced to a term of ten years' imprisonment.On September 5, 1996, Foster pled nolo contendere to second-degree forgery, conspiracy to commit grand larceny, grand larceny, and two counts of obtaining money by false pretense in the District Court of Cleveland County, Oklahoma.The Cleveland Countycourt sentenced Foster to four terms of fifteen years and one term of one year, all to be served concurrently with each other but "consecutively to all other pre-existing terms."(R. Doc. 10 Ex. Eat 2.)Foster took a direct appeal of the McClain County conviction and also pursued state post-conviction collateral relief; his direct appeal was denied in August 1996 and his state petition for collateral relief was denied in April 2000.On December 29, 1999, Foster completed his sentence for the McClain County conviction and began serving his fifteen-year sentence for the Cleveland County convictions.On April 25, 2000, Foster filed a § 2254 petition in federal district court attacking only his McClain County conviction.

The magistrate judge recommended that the petition be dismissed for lack of jurisdiction because Foster was no longer "in custody" pursuant to the McClain County conviction even though he was "in custody" pursuant to the Cleveland County convictions.According to the magistrate's report and recommendation, "The consecutive nature of th[e] sentence [was] not relevant to the custody requirement."(R. Doc. 13at 3.)The district court agreed and dismissed Foster's petition for lack of jurisdiction.Foster timely filed an appeal, and in an unpublished order and judgment this panel affirmed.We granted Foster's petition for rehearing.

II

Federal courts may grant habeas relief to prisoners held by state authorities only when the habeas petitioner is "in custody in violation of the Constitution or laws or treaties of the United States."28 U.S.C. § 2254(a);see alsoid.§ 2241(c)(3).This requirement is jurisdictional.Oyler v. Allenbrand,23 F.3d 292, 293-94(10th Cir.1994).

At first glance, it would appear clear that we do not have jurisdiction over Foster's claim because Foster is challenging a conviction underlying a sentence for which he is no longer "in custody."Indeed, the traditional view was that a prisoner could attack only the conviction for which he was in custody and only if success on the habeas claim would lead to immediate release from that custody.For example, in McNally v. Hill,the Supreme Court applied this reasoning to affirm the dismissal of a prisoner's habeas petition for lack of jurisdiction because the petition challenged a conviction underlying a sentence which he had not begun to serve, but which was imposed consecutively to his current sentence.293 U.S. 131, 135, 138, 55 S.Ct. 24, 79 L.Ed. 238(1934).

The Supreme Court abandoned this strict definition of "in custody" in the context of consecutive sentences in Peyton v. Rowe,391 U.S. 54, 67, 88 S.Ct. 1549, 20 L.Ed.2d 426(1968), specifically overruling McNally.The Court in Peyton held that a prisoner could challenge the conviction underlying a sentence that he had not yet begun to serve but that had been imposed consecutively to the sentence that he was currently serving.Id.The Court reasoned that the McNally rule was poor policy; by requiring prisoners to wait until they actually started to serve their later sentence, the rule forced prisoners to delay bringing habeas claims — delay that might result in the deterioration of the evidence that they would need to vindicate those claims.Id. at 62-63.The Court concluded that "a prisoner serving consecutive sentences is `in custody' under any one of them for purposes" of the federal habeas statutes.Id. at 67.

Garlotte is "appropriately described as Peyton's complement, or Peyton in reverse."Garlotte,515 U.S. at 41.In Garlotte, the prisoner attempted to challenge the conviction underlying a sentence that he had finished serving, but that was also "first in a consecutive series" of sentences that he was still serving.Id.Garlotte"[f]ollow[ed]Peyton" and did "not disaggregate Garlotte's sentences, but comprehend[ed] them as composing a continuous stream."Id.The Court"therefore [held] that Garlotte remain[ed]`in custody' under all of his sentences until all are served, and now may attack the conviction underlying the sentence scheduled to run first in the series."Id.The Garlotte Court refused to "adopt a different construction" of the habeas statute's jurisdictional requirements "simply because the sentence imposed under the challenged conviction lies in the past rather than in the future."Id. at 46.As a result, the Court held that the federal courts had jurisdiction over the prisoner's claim.

Application of Garlotte would therefore appear to be simple in this case.Foster is currently serving a "continuous stream" of two consecutive sentences.He has finished serving the sentence imposed under the conviction that he is attempting to attack, but he is still serving the other sentences which were imposed consecutively.Under Garlotte,we are required to view the consecutive sentences "in the aggregate, not as discrete segments."Id. at 47.Therefore, Foster would appear to be "in custody" for habeas jurisdictional purposes with respect to the conviction underlying the first sentence because that sentence is part of a consecutive series of sentences which he is still serving.

III

We consider whether any other factors mandate that the apparently clear rule of Garlotte should not apply to this case.

A

The facts of Garlotte are somewhat different from the facts presented here.In Garlotte, the prisoner had been convicted and sentenced to the consecutive sentences by the same trial court at the same time.Id. at 41-42.In this case, Foster was sentenced to the two segments of his consecutive sentences by different courts at different times.The State argues that, on these grounds, Garlotte is not applicable.

This proposed distinction runs against the case law of the Supreme Court.In Maleng v. Cook,the Court allowed a prisoner currently serving a federal sentence to challenge the validity of a state sentence that would commence at the end of the federal sentence.490 U.S. 488, 493-94, 109 S.Ct. 1923, 104 L.Ed.2d 540(1989).Similarly, in Bradenv. 30th Judicial Circuit Court,the Court held that the "in custody" requirement did not prevent a prisoner, currently serving a sentence in Alabama, from challenging a future detainer by Kentucky on different charges.410 U.S. 484, 487-89, 93 S.Ct. 1123, 35 L.Ed.2d 443(1973).Even in Peyton itself, the consecutive sentences in question had been imposed at different times.391 U.S. at 55-56.

Furthermore, any attempt to distinguish Garlotte on its facts ignores the language in Garlotte, which sets out a clear and broad rule that we must "view consecutive sentences in the aggregate, not as discrete segments."515 U.S. at 47.There is no indication in the language of Garlotte that these principles are or should be limited to the particular facts that the Court was faced with in that case.

B

The State contends that habeas jurisdiction is lacking because "the invalidation of [Foster's]1995 conviction will not affect the length of the sentence which [he] is currently serving."(Appellee's Br.at 6.)

We are uncertain what exactly the State means by this argument.It might be making a "mootness" claim that we have no jurisdiction because we can grant no relief.We first note that "mootness" is a separate question from whether a prisoner is "in custody" for purposes of § 2254.SeeSpencer v. Kemna,523 U.S. 1, 7, 118 S.Ct. 978, 140 L.Ed.2d 43(1998)(distinguishing between mootness and "in custody" jurisdiction);Carafas v. LaVallee,391 U.S. 234, 238, 88 S.Ct. 1556, 20 L.Ed.2d 554(1968)(same);Oyler,23 F.3d at 294(describing "in custody" jurisdiction as "a separate and distinct jurisdictional question" from mootness).

Regardless of its proper characterization, the State's argument does not accurately account for Oklahoma state law.In Floyd v. State, the Oklahoma Court of Criminal Appeals stated that the situation may arise

where a prisoner serving consecutive sentences on several convictions succeeds in having one of the sentences invalidated after it has been fully or partially served.In this instance the state must credit the sentences remaining to be served on the valid convictions with the time served under the voided conviction....[A]ll that [is] involved [is] an adjustment of the administrative records of the prison authorities so that service on the remaining valid sentences would commence at an earlier date.Common sense and fundamental fairness require that under such...