FRANCESE, INC. v. TROY SCHOOL

• Court: New York Court of Appeals Court of Appeals
• Writing for the Court: LEVINE, J.
• Citation: FRANCESE, INC. v. TROY SCHOOL, 95 N.Y.2d 59, 731 N.E.2d 1123, 710 N.Y.S.2d 315 (N.Y. 2000)
• Decision Date: 15 June 2000
• Parties: JOSEPH FRANCESE, INC., Appellant, v. ENLARGED CITY SCHOOL DISTRICT OF TROY, Respondent.

95 N.Y.2d 59

731 N.E.2d 1123

710 N.Y.S.2d 315

JOSEPH FRANCESE, INC., Appellant, v. ENLARGED CITY SCHOOL DISTRICT OF TROY, Respondent.

Court of Appeals of the State of New York.

Argued May 4, 2000.

Decided June 15, 2000.

Saperston & Day, P. C., Buffalo (Frank T. Gaglione and Michael C. Driscoll of counsel), for appellant.

Günter Dully, Albany, for respondent.

Chief Judge KAYE and Judges BELLACOSA, SMITH, CIPARICK, WESLEY and ROSENBLATT concur.

OPINION OF THE COURT

LEVINE, J.

At issue in this appeal is construction of the Statute of Limitations tolling provision set forth in CPLR 204 (b), suspending the running of the period of limitations for a party who erroneously seeks to adjudicate a legal dispute through arbitration. In this case, plaintiff Joseph Francese, Inc., entered into an agreement with defendant Enlarged City School District of Troy in July 1991 to build a new elementary school. The parties incorporated into their agreement a standard American Institute of Architects "General Conditions of the Contract for Construction" form. The general arbitration clause of the form contract was deleted. Other references to arbitration, however, were left intact, including one under the heading "Resolution of Claims and Disputes," stating that disputes between the parties would be "subject to arbitration."

In 1993, a dispute arose over plaintiff's performance and the adequacy of the District's performance of its contractual construction management obligations. Plaintiff timely filed a notice of claim for breach of contract by the District, and in turn the District formally terminated the contract based on plaintiff's nonperformance. Plaintiff then served a demand for arbitration on the District on September 15, 1993, concededly within the applicable one-year period of limitations (see, Education Law § 3813 [2-b]). The District moved to stay arbitration and plaintiff cross-moved to compel arbitration. On May 9, 1994, the District's motion to stay arbitration was granted by Supreme Court based upon the deletion of the general arbitration clause from the contract. The Appellate Division affirmed on November 10, 1994 (Matter of Enlarged City School Dist. [Joseph Francese, Inc.], 209 AD2d 815).

Just over five months later, on April 20, 1995, plaintiff commenced this action against the District for breach of the construction contract. Supreme Court granted the District's motion to dismiss for untimeliness, holding that the CPLR 204 (b) tolling provision did not apply. The Appellate Division affirmed (263 AD2d 582). We granted leave to appeal and now reverse.

Discussion

CPLR 204 (b) provides:

"Where it shall have been determined that a party is not obligated to submit a claim to arbitration, the time which elapsed between the demand for arbitration and the final determination that there is no obligation to arbitrate is not a part of the time within which an action upon such claim must be commenced. The time within which the action must be commenced shall not be extended by this provision beyond one year after such final determination."

The statute thus tolls the applicable period of limitation between the time a demand for arbitration is made and a final determination that the dispute is not the proper subject of arbitration. CPLR 204 (b), however, prohibits any extension of such period beyond one year after the final determination of nonarbitrability.

Reading CPLR 204 (b) literally, and assuming that the "final determination" of nonarbitrability here was the Appellate Division's order affirming the stay of arbitration (an issue we address below), plaintiff was entitled to the benefit of the toll provided in section 204 (b) and its action was thus timely commenced. The Appellate Division, however, applied its precedent, Watkins v Holiday Drive-Ur-Self (29 AD2d 810, 811), to superimpose a requirement that a plaintiff invoking section 204 (b) must show that the demand for arbitration was under a "color of right." The Court held that plaintiff failed to demonstrate any color of right or "objective support for plaintiff's claim that it proceeded in the good-faith, albeit mistaken, belief that arbitration was an available forum" (263 AD2d, at 584).

Whether a plaintiff seeking to invoke the benefit of CPLR 204 (b) must demonstrate that the demand for arbitration was under a color of right is a matter of first impression for this Court. Adding that requirement, however, appears to be inconsistent with our reading, in Gaines v City of New York (215 NY 533), of the predecessor of a sister statute—section 405 of the former Code of Civil Procedure, now found in CPLR 205. That provision permits the recommencement of an action, notwithstanding the running of the period of limitations, within six months after termination of an earlier action on the same claim where that timely commenced action was dismissed "not on the merits but on a basis that keeps the claim alive and enables a later suit to be brought on it" (Siegel, NY Prac § 52, at 68 [3d ed]).

In Gaines, the plaintiff had initially brought an action against the City of New York in the City Court. That court lacked statutory subject matter jurisdiction in suits against the City. Despite the complete absence of any jurisdictional basis for the selection of that specific forum, this Court gave the plaintiff the benefit of the statutory "grace period" in former Code of Civil Procedure § 405. Thus, the plaintiff's subsequently commenced action in the Municipal Court, the appropriate forum, was saved from dismissal for untimeliness.

As we have already noted here, in Gaines the Court pointed out: "[t]hat the plaintiff's case is within the letter of the [tolling] statute is hardly doubtful" (id., at 539). Accordingly, the Court placed the burden of proof on the defendant to demonstrate why the protection afforded by the literal wording of the statute should be denied to the plaintiff, perhaps by showing that the selection of the forum was made in bad faith "with knowledge of the lack of jurisdiction, and in fraud of the statute" (id., at 541). In the absence of such demonstrated bad faith, the Court noted that "[t]he statute is designed to insure to the diligent suitor the right to a hearing in court till he reaches a judgment on the merits. Its broad and liberal purpose is not to be frittered away by any narrow construction" (id., at 539). An important factor relied upon by the Court in Gaines was that, by virtue of the previously (although erroneously) commenced action, the "litigant [gave] timely notice to his adversary of a present purpose to maintain his rights before the courts" (id.).

No reason has been advanced here why we should not similarly reject a narrow construction of CPLR 204 (b) in order to effectuate its purpose. The District has not shown any bad faith or fraudulent intent on plaintiff's part in demanding arbitration, especially in light of the fact that references to arbitration remained in the contract. Furthermore, the Watkins rule has been criticized by practice commentators (see, McLaughlin, Practice Commentaries, McKinney's Cons Laws of NY, Book 7B, CPLR C204:2, at 303 [characterizing the rule as "questionable," and opining that the Watkins case should not have been excluded from within the reach of section 204 (b) "absent a clear showing that the statute was not designed to cover (t)his situation"]; 1 Weinstein-Korn-Miller, NY Civ Prac ¶ 204.06, at 2-190 [noting that the Watkins decision "has been criticized * * * on the theory that the plaintiff had relied on CPLR 204(b) and was entitled to relief under a literal reading"]).

An additional factor leading us to reject the Watkins rule is that it would discourage parties from selecting arbitration as an efficient and inexpensive means of resolving disputes (see, 1 Weinstein-Korn-Miller, op. cit., ¶ 204.06, at 2-191 ["Watkins might deprive CPLR 204(b) of some of its intended vitality, and may conflict with the general state policy to encourage...