Francis v. State of Md.

• Decision Date: 27 September 1978
• Docket Number: Civ. No. B-75-1545.
• Citation: 459 F. Supp. 163
• Parties: Alan Keith FRANCIS, # 2968 v. STATE OF MARYLAND and Dr. Harold M. Boslow.
• Court: U.S. District Court — District of Maryland

459 F. Supp. 163

Alan Keith FRANCIS, # 2968 v. STATE OF MARYLAND and Dr. Harold M. Boslow.

Civ. No. B-75-1545.

United States District Court, D. Maryland.

September 27, 1978.

COPYRIGHT MATERIAL OMITTED

George W. Johnston, Baltimore, Md., for petitioner.

Francis B. Burch, Atty. Gen. of Md., Donald R. Stutman, Asst. Atty. Gen., Baltimore, Md., for respondents.

MEMORANDUM AND ORDER

BLAIR, District Judge.

This petition for a writ of habeas corpus asserts an equal protection challenge to petitioner's conviction. Recognizing that the petition presented substantial legal questions, the court appointed counsel to represent the petitioner. Counsel has submitted a memorandum of law in support of the petition, and the respondent has filed a memorandum in opposition.

On February 1, 1974 petitioner, then under eighteen years of age, was convicted as an adult in the Criminal Court of Baltimore City. Petitioner had been charged as an adult with robbery with a deadly weapon and as a juvenile with unauthorized use. After the juvenile court waived its jurisdiction over the unauthorized use charge, petitioner entered guilty pleas to both charges in the Criminal Court. Petitioner received a ten-year sentence on the armed robbery conviction and a two-year consecutive sentence on the unauthorized use conviction.

In 1974 proceedings concerning offenses committed by juveniles in Maryland were governed by one of two statutes, depending upon the locality where the offense was committed. Juvenile proceedings in Baltimore City and all Maryland counties except Montgomery County were governed by a public general law, Annotated Code of Maryland, Cts. & Jud.Proc. art. §§ 3-801 to 3-842 (1974). A public local law established somewhat different substantive law and procedures for juvenile proceedings in Montgomery County. Annotated Code of Maryland, Cts. & Jud.Proc. art. §§ 4-501 to 4-530 (1974).¹

Briefly stated, petitioner's claim concerning his robbery conviction is that under Maryland law existing at that time youths under the age of eighteen charged in Montgomery County with armed robbery were treated as juvenile offenders, but juveniles charged in all other Maryland counties and in Baltimore City with like offenses were tried as adults. Petitioner attacks his unauthorized use conviction on the ground that juveniles in Montgomery County were afforded an immediate appeal of an order waiving² juvenile court jurisdiction, whereas waivers of jurisdiction by all other juvenile courts in the state were designated interlocutory orders, hence not immediately appealable.

At the time of petitioner's convictions in 1974, juvenile court jurisdiction in Baltimore City and all Maryland counties except Montgomery County did not extend to juveniles over the age of sixteen charged with the crime of robbery with a deadly weapon. Annotated Code of Maryland, Cts. & Jud. Proc. art. § 3-808(4) (1974). Montgomery County was exempted from that provision; the juvenile court in Montgomery County did have jurisdiction over juveniles over the age of 16 charged with robbery with a deadly weapon. Annotated Code of Maryland, Cts. & Jud.Proc. art. §§ 4-403, 4-504, 4-507 (1974). This exemption has since been repealed. 1975 Md.Laws ch. 554, § 2. Likewise, Montgomery County was excepted from the general rule whereby juvenile court orders waiving jurisdiction were defined to be interlocutory. Annotated Code of Maryland, Cts. & Jud.Proc. art. § 3-817 (1974). Since then the code has been revised to make immediately appealable an order waiving jurisdiction by the juvenile court of any subdivision of the state. Annotated Code of Maryland, Cts. & Jud.Proc. art. § 3-817(f) (Cum.Supp.1977). Petitioner argues that, because he was treated differently in these two respects from a juvenile in similar circumstances charged in Montgomery County, he was denied equal protection of the law as guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment.

In opposition to the petition, respondent first contends that the petition must be dismissed because petitioner has not exhausted available state remedies. Petitioner concedes that he has not properly presented his two claims to the courts of the State of Maryland.³ He further recognizes the fundamental principle that exhaustion of state remedies is generally a prerequisite to obtaining habeas corpus relief in a federal court. 28 U.S.C. § 2254(b); Picard v. Connor, 404 U.S. 270, 92 S.Ct. 509, 30 L.Ed.2d 438 (1971).

Petitioner contends, however, that his petition presents an exception to the general rule, arguing that resort to state courts would be futile in his circumstances. This court agrees. Four years ago the Court of Appeals of Maryland upheld the constitutionality of the two statutes that petitioner challenges, rejecting an equal protection argument identical to that made by the petitioner. In re Trader and State v. Stokes, 272 Md. 364, 325 A.2d 398 (1974). The Court of Appeals held that the appellant in each of those cases had failed to present sufficient evidence to controvert the presumption of constitutionality that attached to the statutes. 325 A.2d at 417-18. In view of the narrow language of this holding, it could be argued that petitioner theoretically might adduce sufficient evidence before a Maryland court to prevail on his constitutional claim. However, the court does not believe that as a practical matter petitioner would have any reasonable likelihood of obtaining a result contrary to that reached in In re Trader and State v. Stokes. The court is strengthened in this conclusion by the summary denial of petitioner's habeas corpus claim presented to the Baltimore City Court. Because the court finds it apparent in light of Trader and Stokes that petitioner would not obtain relief in the courts of the state of Maryland, petitioner will not be required to undergo the futile exercise of exhausting state remedies. See Ham v. North Carolina, 471 F.2d 406, 407-08 (4th Cir. 1973); Perry v. Blackledge, 453 F.2d 856 (4th Cir. 1971).

Petitioner correctly points out that the need for a three-judge court should be considered. Because this petition was filed prior to the repeal of 28 U.S.C. § 2281 by Act of Aug. 12, 1976, Pub.L. No. 94-381, it remains subject to any applicable requirements of § 2281. However, a three-judge court is not required when the constitutionality of a state statute is challenged in a habeas corpus proceeding. Wilson v. Gooding, 431 F.2d 855, 857-58 (5th Cir. 1970), aff'd, 405 U.S. 518, 92 S.Ct. 1103, 31 L.Ed.2d 401 (1972); United States ex rel. Shaban v. Essen, 386 F.Supp. 1042, 1044 (E.D.N.Y. 1974), aff'd, 516 F.2d 897 (2d Cir. 1975).

Turning to the merits of petitioner's claim, petitioner argues that the court must subject the state statutes to strict judicial scrutiny, under which the statutes may be upheld only if they are "shown to be necessary to promote a compelling governmental interest." Shapiro v. Thompson, 394 U.S. 618, 634, 89 S.Ct. 1322, 1331, 22 L.Ed.2d 600 (1969) (emphasis deleted). Petitioner does not argue, and he could not, that the statutory classification created between juveniles charged in Montgomery County and those charged elsewhere in the state is a suspect classification. It obviously does not distinguish among individuals on the basis of race or alienage or discriminate against any other distinct minority. Rather, petitioner contends the classification impinges upon certain fundamental constitutional rights, specifically, his right to equal treatment in the criminal trial and appellate processes and his right to vote. Petitioner then argues in the alternative that in any event the statutory classification lacks even a rational basis.

The Supreme Court has considered several challenges founded on the equal protection clause to territorial classifications affecting the criminal justice system within a state. Most recently, in North v. Russell, 427 U.S. 328, 338-39, 96 S.Ct. 2709, 49 L.Ed.2d 534 (1976), the Court upheld a challenge to Kentucky constitutional provisions classifying cities by population and statutory provisions permitting lay judges to preside in courts in certain cities while requiring law-trained judges in others. After noting that the Kentucky Court of Appeals had advanced several justifications for the classification, the Court cited with approval Missouri v. Lewis, 101 U.S. 22, 25 L.Ed. 989 (1880),

which held that as long as all people within the classified area are treated equally:

"Each State . . . may establish one system of courts for cities and another for rural districts, one system for one portion of its territory and another system for another portion. Convenience, if not necessity, often requires this to be done, and it would seriously interfere with the power of a State to regulate its internal affairs to deny to it this right." Id., at 30-31.

427 U.S. at 339, 96 S.Ct. at 2714. The Lewis case had upheld a Missouri statute requiring that appeals from convictions in the City of St. Louis and four counties be taken to an intermediate level appellate court whereas appeals filed elsewhere in the state proceeded directly to the Supreme Court of Missouri. In Hayes v. Missouri, 120 U.S. 68, 7 S.Ct. 350, 30 L.Ed. 578 (1887), the Court rejected an equal protection attack upon a Missouri statute providing the state fifteen peremptory challenges in capital cases tried in cities having a population in excess of 100,000 but eight challenges in all other capital cases.

The Supreme Court has also considered territorial classifications in two cases arising in Maryland. In Salsburg v. Maryland, 346 U.S. 545, 74 S.Ct. 280, 98 L.Ed. 281 (1954), decided prior to Mapp v. Ohio, 367 U.S. 643, 81 S.Ct. 1684, 6 L.Ed.2d 1081 (1961), the Court considered a Maryland statute allowing the admission of illegally seized evidence in prosecutions for gambling misdemeanors in several Maryland counties but prohibiting its admission elsewhere. The Court held the statute to be "within the liberal...