Franklin v. United States

• Decision Date: 12 December 1963
• Docket Number: 17767.,17636,No. 17586,17586
• Citation: 117 US App. DC 331,330 F.2d 205
• Parties: William FRANKLIN, Appellant, v. UNITED STATES of America, Appellee. Norman G. PRICE, Appellant, v. UNITED STATES of America, Appellee. Joseph J. BROOKS, Appellant, v. UNITED STATES of America, Appellee.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — District of Columbia Circuit

117 US App. DC 331, 330 F.2d 205 (1963)

William FRANKLIN, Appellant, v. UNITED STATES of America, Appellee.

Norman G. PRICE, Appellant, v. UNITED STATES of America, Appellee.

Joseph J. BROOKS, Appellant, v. UNITED STATES of America, Appellee.

Nos. 17586, 17636, 17767.

United States Court of Appeals District of Columbia Circuit.

Argued October 21, 1963.

Decided December 12, 1963.

Amended March 12, 1964.

Petition for Rehearing Denied March 12, 1964.

Mr. Robert M. Beckman, Washington, D. C. (appointed by this court), for appellant in No. 17,586.

Mr. Peter D. Ehrenhaft, Washington, D. C. (appointed by this court), for appellant in No. 17,636. Messrs. Oscar Cox and Joseph D. Whiteman, Washington, D. C. (both appointed by this court), were on the brief for appellant in No. 17,636.

Mr. Bernard W. Kemp, Washington, D. C. (appointed by the District Court), for appellant in No. 17,767.

Mr. Gerald A. Messerman, Asst. U. S. Atty., with whom Messrs. David C. Acheson, U. S. Atty., and Frank Q. Nebeker, Asst. U. S. Atty., were on the brief, for appellee.

Before BAZELON, Chief Judge, and WASHINGTON and WRIGHT, Circuit Judges.

Petition for Rehearing En Banc Denied March 12, 1964.

J. SKELLY WRIGHT, Circuit Judge.

Appellants were convicted on one count of an indictment charging rape.¹ They ask reversal of their convictions on the grounds that they were improperly charged together in one count, that there was insufficient proof that they aided and abetted each other in the commission of a joint offense, and that the court failed to charge the jury on the joint nature of the crime charged or on the need for corroboration as to identity in proof of rape. Appellant Price also makes the point that the trial court failed to consider his application to be tried as a juvenile.

The evidence indicated that on the early morning of March 13, 1962, four men, the appellants here plus one Carrell, came upon a parked car in a totally unlighted area in which the victim was sitting with her date. After a fight between appellant Brooks and the date in which the date was knocked to the ground, Franklin, Carrell, Price and an unidentified person are said to have raped the victim while Brooks held the date at bay on the ground.

An immediate report of the incident was made to the police, at which time the victim stated she recognized Brooks as the man who had assaulted her escort. She did not identify her attackers by name at that time. On trial she testified that she had known Price and had seen Franklin on several occasions prior to the assaults. At first she was not sure she could identify Franklin because at the time of his assault her face was partially covered with a coat which allowed her to see only a part of his face. The victim's escort identified appellants Brooks and Price but was unable to say that appellant Franklin was present on the occasion in question. Fingerprints of Price and Carrell were found on the car, and medical evidence confirmed that the victim had been savagely raped.

I.

The count on which appellants were convicted merely charges that "on or about March 13, 1962, within the District of Columbia, Joseph J. Brooks, Reginald Carrell, William Franklin and Norman G. Price had carnal knowledge of a female named Paulette H. Jackson, forcibly and against her will." Thus there is no indication from the indictment as to whether the grand jury charged one or several rapes. The defendants, however, did not move for a bill of particulars to require the Government to disclose what it intended to prove under the charge. If the Government had disclosed before trial that the count embraced not one but four rapes, the count may have been subject to dismissal on the ground of duplicity and misjoinder. See Rule 8(a) and (b), F.R.Cr.P.; 4 Wharton, Criminal Law and Procedure § 1860 (1957). At least the Government may have been required to elect the rape on which it intended to rely for conviction. But, defendants having failed to attack the indictment in limine, or even during the trial, the duplicity and misjoinder were cured by the verdict. Wiborg v. United States, 163 U.S. 632, 16 S.Ct. 1127, 41 L.Ed. 289 (1896); Durland v. United States, 161 U.S. 306, 16 S.Ct. 508, 40 L.Ed. 709 (1896); Connors v. United States, 158 U.S. 408, 15 S.Ct. 951, 39 L.Ed. 1033 (1895); 4 Wharton, op. cit. supra § 1885.

II.

Appellants' attack on the instructions centers on the absence of guidance to the jury concerning the elements of the joint offense which the Government apparently contends the count charges. Appellants' argument here is that, assuming they were charged with committing rape jointly, the court, except as to appellant Brooks, failed to advise the jury as to the degree of participation in the over-all offense required before the defendants could be found guilty. In fact, appellants allege the jury was not even advised as to what the over-all joint offense charged in the indictment was.

It is true that the court's charge made no reference to the elements of a joint offense or to the participation which would be required for conviction of the joint offenders. It did charge² that Brooks, since the Government's evidence indicated he held the victim's escort while the others raped her, could be found to have aided and abetted in the commission of the offense and therefore be found guilty as a principal.

We, like the District Court, have some difficulty with the concept of a joint offense charged in a single count involving four rapes. Undeniably, on the Government's evidence, Brooks was an aider and abettor and therefore chargeable as a principal. 18 U.S.C. § 2. But the record is unclear as to what joint crime the Government sought to prove and as to what Price and Franklin did, in addition allegedly to committing rape themselves, to aid and abet in the commission of the joint crime. We need not, however, determine whether the evidence of joint participation, other than as to the appellant Brooks, is sufficient or whether the instruction on this subject was deficient since, as shown supra in Part I, the evidence indicated that Price and others did commit rape and that Brooks aided and abetted them.

III.

Appellant Franklin contends that his participation in the rape was not adequately corroborated. He also attacks the instructions, claiming that the trial court refused to charge the jury that corroboration of identity was required in proof of rape. Appellant Franklin alone challenged the court's rulings on the issue of corroboration of identity. And it appears that as to him alone corroboration is lacking in the Government's case. The victim's escort, Bellamy, identified Brooks and Price. He was unable, however, to identify Franklin as a participant in the crime. Since appellants Brooks and Price did not except to the court's charge on corroboration of identity, and since there was evidence in the Government's case on which the jury could have found corroboration as to them, allowing the case against them to go to the jury without such instructions was not plain error. Rule 52(b), F.R. Cr.P. As to Franklin, however, the issue being preserved by a motion for judgment of acquittal at the close of the Government's case, and in the absence of corroboration at that time, his conviction must be reversed. Subsequent testimony introduced as part of his or co-defendants' cases cannot — at least where, as here, co-defendants' testimony inculpated him — be considered in ruling upon a Rule 29(a), F.R.Cr.P., motion, or reviewing it on appeal. Cephus v. United States, 117 U.S.App.D.C. ___, 324 F.2d 893 (1963).

The latest expression of this court as to the need for corroboration in proof of rape is Walker v. United States, 96 U.S.App.D.C. 148, 223 F.2d 613 (1955). We adhere to the teaching of that case. As Judge Bazelon observed in Walker, dissenting on the ground that the facts there did not make out corroboration:

"In a majority of the American jurisdictions which follow the corroboration rule, corroboration is required on both the matter of the corpus delicti (penetration by force) and the matter of the identity of the accused. Footnote citations omitted. Decisions of this court demonstrate — and my brethren do not say otherwise — that the rule has been so applied in this jurisdiction. Footnote citation omitted. * * *"

96 U.S.App.D.C. at 155, 223 F.2d at 620. Judge Bazelon added, "I have found no case in which this court has affirmed a rape conviction in the absence of substantial corroboration of identity." 96 U.S. App.D.C. at 156, 223 F.2d at 621. This requirement is indicated in the statement of the rule in Kidwell v. United States, 38 App.D.C. 566, 573 (1912), quoted in Ewing v. United States, 77 U.S.App.D.C. 14, 16, 135 F.2d 633, 635, cert. denied, 318 U.S. 776, 63 S.Ct. 829, 87 L.Ed. 1145 (1942), and Walker v. United States, supra, 96 U.S.App.D.C. at 152, 223 F.2d at 617:

"* * * We are aware that a conviction for this offense will be sustained upon the testimony of the injured party alone. But where the courts have so held, the circumstances surrounding the parties at the time were such as to point to the probable guilt of the accused, or, at least, corroborate indirectly the testimony of the prosecutrix. * * *"

(Emphasis added.)

And in McKenzie v. United States, 75 U.S.App.D.C. 270, 273, 126 F.2d 533, 536 (1942), we held that in charging the jury, "failure to say in plain words that if the circumstances of the identification were not convincing, they should acquit, was error." Although the danger of an erroneous identification in a rape case is not of the same magnitude as the danger of a fabricated rape, both dangers are comprehended in Lord Hale's warning against reliance on the prosecutrix' testimony: "Rape is an accusation easily to be made and hard to be proved, and harder to be defended by the party accused, tho never so innocent." 1 Hale, Pleas of the Crown *635.

In arguing corroboration as to the identity of Franklin, the...