Freeman v. Blue Ridge Paper Products, Inc.

Citation551 F.3d 405
Decision Date29 December 2008
Docket NumberNo. 08-6321.,08-6321.
PartiesBeth FREEMAN, Individually, and on behalf of all others similarly situated, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. BLUE RIDGE PAPER PRODUCTS, INC., Defendant-Appellant.
CourtUnited States Courts of Appeals. United States Court of Appeals (6th Circuit)

ARGUED: Linda J. Hamilton Mowles, Lewis, King, Krieg & Waldrop, P.C., Knoxville, Tennessee, for Appellant. Gordon Ball, Ball & Scott Law Offices, Knoxville, Tennessee, for Appellee. ON BRIEF: Linda J. Hamilton Mowles, Lewis, King, Krieg & Waldrop, P.C., Knoxville, Tennessee, for Appellant. Gordon Ball, Ball & Scott Law Offices, Knoxville, Tennessee, for Appellee.

Before: DAUGHTREY, ROGERS, Circuit Judges, and RESTANI, Judge.*

ROGERS, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which RESTANI, J., joined. DAUGHTREY, J. (pp. 410-11), delivered a separate dissenting opinion.

OPINION

ROGERS, Circuit Judge.

This class action for nuisance in the form of water pollution from a paper mill involves an effort by plaintiffs to avoid removal to federal court under the Class Action Fairness Act (CAFA) of 2005. Pub.L. No. 109-2, 119 Stat. 4 (codified in scattered sections of 28 U.S.C.). Plaintiffs divided their suit into five separate suits covering distinct six-month time periods, with plaintiffs' limiting the total damages for each suit to less than CAFA's $5 million threshold. See 28 U.S.C. § 1332(d)(2). The suits were filed in state court with identical parties and claims, except that the suits were for a series of different, sequential six-month periods. Each suit limited the total class damages to less than $4.9 million. The cases were removed to federal court by the defendant paper mill, but remanded by the district court. Because no colorable basis for dividing the claims has been identified by the plaintiffs other than to avoid the clear purpose of CAFA, remand was not proper.

Plaintiffs are three-hundred landowners who own property in Tennessee downriver from Blue Ridge's paper mill in Canton, North Carolina. A previous Tennessee court class action involving the same class of plaintiffs and covering a six-year time period (June 1, 1999 to August 17, 2005) resulted in an aggregate award of $2 million. See Freeman v. Blue Ridge Paper Prods., Inc., 229 S.W.3d 694, 701 (Tenn.Ct. App.2007). Subsequent to that trial, on October 11, 2005 plaintiffs initiated in Tennessee state court the first of the five suits involved in this appeal. Plaintiffs sought damages accruing from August 17, 2005 until the date of trial in that case. The parties met the minimal diversity of citizenship requirements as required by the CAFA amendments to 28 U.S.C. § 1332. See § 1332(d)(2). In the complaint, the plaintiff disavowed recovery in excess of $4.9 million:

The amount in controversy as to the Plaintiff and each member of the Proposed Class does not exceed Seventy-four Thousand Dollars ($74,000.00) each, exclusive of interest and costs. The Plaintiff, therefore, disclaims any compensatory damages, punitive damages, declaratory, injunctive, or equitable relief greater than seventy-four thousand dollars ($74,000.00) per individual Class member, and Plaintiff and the Proposed Class limit their individual compensatory damage claims to Seventy-four Thousand Dollars ($74,000.00) per Class member, and limit their total class wide claims to less than Four Million Nine Hundred Thousand Dollars ([$]4,900,000.00).

Freeman v. Blue Ridge Paper Products, Inc., No. 2:06-CV-05, at 2 (E.D.Tenn. Sept. 19, 2006). Blue Ridge removed this first suit to the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Tennessee on January 12, 2006. Id. at 1. The district court found that Blue Ridge had not established that it was "more likely than not the plaintiff's claims meet the amount in controversy requirement." Id. at 6. The district court remanded the case to state court. Id. at 7.

On remand, the plaintiffs took steps to divide the suit into five separate suits, each covering a successive six-month time period. On September 13, 2007, plaintiffs sought to amend the complaint in the remanded case so as to seek damages only for the period August 17, 2005 to February 17, 2006. Freeman v. Blue Ridge Paper Products, Inc., No. 2:08-CV-35, at 2 n. 2 (E.D.Tenn. Aug. 19, 2008). The district court orally granted the motion on December 11, 2007, but did not enter the operative written order until February 1, 2008. Id. On February 4, 2008, Blue Ridge again removed this case to federal court, alleging that the amendment made the case removable under 28 U.S.C. § 1446(b). Id.

After the amendment was granted, on December 19, 2007 plaintiffs filed in Tennessee Circuit Court the four additional suits at issue in this appeal. Each suit covered a six-month time period: February 18, 2006-August 18, 2006 (No. 31,005), August 19, 2006-February 19, 2007 (No. 31,004), February 20, 2007-August 20, 2007 (No. 31,003), and August 21, 2007-February 21, 2008 (No. 31,002). Each complaint, in terms nearly identical to the quoted language above, capped damages at $74,000 for each plaintiff and $4.9 million overall. Id. at 2. On February 4, 2008, Blue Ridge also removed these four suits to federal court. Id. at 1.

The district court consolidated all five cases and then remanded each to the case was untimely removed under § 1446(b). Id. at 6-7. According to the court, Blue Ridge should have removed the case within thirty days of September 13, 2007, when plaintiffs filed their motion to amend their complaint. Id. With respect to the other four cases, the court again stated that Blue Ridge had failed to show that it was "more likely than not the plaintiff's claims meet the amount in controversy requirement" for each individual suit. Id. at 8.

On October 30, 2008, a panel of this court granted Blue Ridge's petition to appeal the remand order pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1453(c)(1).

The $5 million CAFA threshold appears to be met in this case because the $4.9 million sought in each of the five suits must be aggregated. The complaints are identical in all respects except for the artificially broken up time periods. Plaintiffs put forth no colorable reason for breaking up the lawsuits in this fashion, other than to avoid federal jurisdiction. In fact, plaintiffs' counsel admitted at oral argument that avoiding CAFA was the only reason for this structuring. If such pure structuring permits class plaintiffs to avoid CAFA, then Congress's obvious purpose in passing the statute—to allow defendants to defend large interstate class actions in federal court—can be avoided almost at will, as long as state law permits suits to be broken up on some basis.

CAFA was clearly designed to prevent plaintiffs from artificially structuring their suits to avoid federal jurisdiction. The statutory language notes that "[c]lass action lawsuits are an important and valuable part of the legal system" because they allow aggregation of claims so that a defendant faces only a single action. CAFA § 2(a)(1), 28 U.S.C. § 1711 note. Furthermore, CAFA states that "there have been abuses of the class action device," including that "[s]tate and local courts are ... keeping cases of national importance out of Federal court." Id. § 2(a)(4)(A). According to the relevant Senate Report, CAFA was necessary because the previous law "enable[d] lawyers to `game' the procedural rules and keep nationwide or multi-state class actions in state courts whose judges have reputations for readily certifying classes and approving settlements without regard to class member interests." S.Rep. No. 109-14, at 4, U.S.Code Cong & Admin.News 2005, p. 3 (2005). CAFA provides defendants with access to the federal courts,

mak[ing] it harder for plaintiffs' counsel to "game the system" by trying to defeat diversity jurisdiction, creat[ing] efficiencies in the judicial system by allowing overlapping and "copycat" cases to be consolidated in a single federal court, [and] plac[ing] the determination of more interstate class action lawsuits in the proper forum—the federal courts.

Id. at 5. These purposes support reading CAFA not to permit the splintering of lawsuits solely to avoid federal jurisdiction in the fashion done in this case.

Our analysis is supported by a recent district court case from the same district. In Proffitt v. Abbott Labs, No. 2:08-CV-148, 2008 WL 4401367, 2008 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 72467 (E.D.Tenn. Sept. 23, 2008), the plaintiffs brought eleven class actions, each for a one-year period, alleging that defendants were involved in an antitrust conspiracy. Id. 2008 WL 4401367, at *2-*3, 2008 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 72467 at *5-*6. Each complaint pointed to defendant's actions taken throughout the whole eleven-year period as evidence of the conspiracy. Id. The court found that "[o]ther than the difficulty of making a damages disclaimer to avoid the CAFA, there appears no reason for selecting the one-year divisions and creating eleven lawsuits to litigate one conspiracy that involves one defendant and one drug." Id. 2008 WL 4401367 at *2, 2008 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 72467 at *6. Finding that such an attempt to evade federal jurisdiction was at odds "with the Congressional intent and purpose of the CAFA," the district court treated the cases as one lawsuit and found that the amount in controversy was therefore met. Id. 2008 WL 4401367 at *3-*5, 2008 U.S. Dist Lexis 72467 at *7-*12.

While plaintiffs seek to distinguish that case on the ground that a conspiracy claim could not be broken up in the same way that a nuisance claim can be, it is not clear that the cases are very different. Conspiracies can be broken up into time periods just like nuisances. Damages can be divided up accordingly. We recognize that state law appears to provide that every day starts a new statute of limitations for nuisance, and that a previous suit for nuisance does not preclude a nuisance suit for a period after the time of the previous suit. Whiteside Estates, Inc. v. Highlands Cove, L.L....

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