Fresh Cut, Inc. v. Fazli

• Decision Date: 21 March 1994
• Docket Number: No. 49A02-9307-CV-334,49A02-9307-CV-334
• Citation: 630 N.E.2d 575
• Parties: FRESH CUT, INC. Appellant-Defendant, v. Bert FAZLI, Appellee-Plaintiff, and State Farm Fire & Casualty Co., Appellee-Plaintiff.
• Court: Indiana Appellate Court

Page 575

630 N.E.2d 575

FRESH CUT, INC. Appellant-Defendant, v. Bert FAZLI, Appellee-Plaintiff, and State Farm Fire & Casualty Co., Appellee-Plaintiff.

No. 49A02-9307-CV-334.

Court of Appeals of Indiana,

First District.

March 21, 1994.

Rehearing Denied May 18, 1994.

John S. Beeman, Douglas A. Tresslar, Ronald W. Frazier, Harrison & Moberly, Indianapolis, for appellant.

Timothy E. Hollingsworth, James P. Cavanaugh, III, Martin, Wade, Hartley & Hollingsworth, Indianapolis, for appellee.

ROBERTSON, Judge.

Fresh Cut, Inc. appeals the denial of its motion for summary judgment on lessor Bert Fazli's counterclaim for breach of contract. We affirm.

Fresh Cut and State Farm Fire & Casualty Co. sued Fazli in a four-count complaint for damages sustained when, on August 5, 1989, a fire occurred in the portion of the premises leased by Fresh Cut, resulting in considerable damage to the building and its contents. ¹ There was no water in the building's sprinkler system on the day of the fire. Fazli avers in his counterclaim against Fresh Cut that under the terms of his lease with Fresh Cut, Fresh Cut had agreed to comply with the law, maintain the premises in good condition, and repair the leased premises, including but not limited to the electrical systems, heating and air conditioning systems, and the structural frame of the building. Thus, Fazli alleges, Fresh Cut had agreed to accept responsibility for the operation of the sprinkler system and that in failing to do so, Fresh Cut breached the terms of the lease.

Fresh Cut argues in its motion for summary judgment and on appeal that the duty imposed by municipal ordinance upon Fazli to maintain the sprinkler system which it alleges as the basis for its suit in negligence against Fazli is nondelegable and therefore, the parties may not shift that duty by contract. To the extent that the parties' agreement attempts to place the duty to ensure that the sprinkler system is operational upon Fresh Cut, the agreement is unenforceable because it is in contravention of the law and violates public policy. In any event, Fresh Cut argues that the lease simply does not place upon Fresh Cut the duty to render the sprinkler system operable.

On appeal from the grant or denial of summary judgment, we use the same standard in ascertaining the propriety of summary judgment as does the trial court. Newhouse v. Farmers National Bank of Shelbyville (1989), Ind.App., 532 N.E.2d 26, 28. Summary judgment is appropriate only when the evidentiary matter designated by the parties shows that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law. Ind.Trial Rule 56(C). No judgment rendered on the motion shall be reversed on the ground that there is a genuine issue of material fact unless the material fact and the evidence relevant thereto shall have been specifically designated to the trial court. T.R. 56(H). The movant bears the burden of establishing the propriety of summary judgment, and all facts and inferences to be drawn therefrom are viewed in a light most favorable to the non-movant. Newhouse, 532 N.E.2d at 28. On appeal, the party which lost in the trial court has the burden of persuading the appellate tribunal that the trial court's decision was erroneous. Oelling v. Rao (1992), Ind., 593 N.E.2d 189. Whether or not a contract is against public policy is a question of law for the court to determine from all of the circumstances in a particular case. Stampco Construction Co. v. Guffey (1991), Ind.App., 572 N.E.2d 510, 513.

A contract is thought to be the product of the free bargaining of the parties. Weaver v. American Oil Co. (1970), Ind.App., 261 N.E.2d 99, 103, superseded, 257 Ind. 458, 276 N.E.2d 144. As a general rule, the law allows persons of full age and competent understanding the utmost liberty of contracting and their contracts, when entered into freely and voluntarily, are enforced by the courts. Id. This is so because it is in the best interest of the public that persons should not be unnecessarily restricted in their freedom of contract. Hodnick v. Fidelity Trust Co. (1932), 96 Ind.App. 342, 350, 183 N.E. 488. Accordingly, the parties to a contract are free to include in the agreement any provisions they desire so long as such provisions do not offend the public policy of this state. University Casework Systems, Inc. v. Bahre (1977), 172 Ind.App. 624, 362 N.E.2d 155, 159.

Just as the parties are free to impose new duties upon each other by agreement in the absence of legislation to the contrary, they are also generally free to modify existing duties that they owe each other as a matter of law. See Restatement (Second) of Contracts § 192 Introductory Note (1979). In Indiana, the parties may agree to cover the risk of harm which may be sustained by third persons by agreeing through an indemnity clause to shift the financial burden from the indemnitee to the indemnitor. As a general rule, indemnification clauses are not void as against public policy, though they will be strictly construed and the intent to indemnify the indemnitee for its own negligence must be stated in clear and unequivocal terms. ² Weaver v. American Oil Co. (1971), 257 Ind. 458, 276 N.E.2d 144, 148; Ogilvie v. Steele (1983), Ind.App., 452 N.E.2d 167. An indemnification clause in a lease is not void or voidable as against public policy simply because the indemnitee is charged with a nondelegable duty to the public or third persons. In its role as lessor, an indemnitee may rightfully demand as part of the consideration for the lease that its lessee bear the entire financial burden, particularly when the lessee contributes to the risk of loss. Penn Central Co. v. Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. (1969), 146 Ind.App. 216, 253 N.E.2d 704.

Similarly, in the absence of legislation, a party can ordinarily contract out of his duty to exercise reasonable care with respect to the other party and thereby exonerate himself of liability to the other for negligence without offending the public policy of this state. This may be done either by an exculpatory clause or an express agreement from the other party to release the promisee from his duty or to assume the risk. Weaver v. American Oil Co., 257 Ind. 458, 276 N.E.2d 144, 148; Penmanta Corp. v. Hollis (1988), Ind.App., 520 N.E.2d 120, trans. denied; LaFrenz v. Lake County Fair Board (1977), 172 Ind.App. 389, 360 N.E.2d 605; Franklin Fire Ins. Co. v. Noll (1945), 115 Ind.App. 289, 58 N.E.2d 947. For example, in Greenhaven Corp. v. Hutchcraft & Associates (1984), Ind.App., 463 N.E.2d 283, the parties agreed that the architect would be relieved of its obligation to provide its employer with plans which conformed to building codes and ordinances, effectively shifting ultimate responsibility among the parties for compliance to the owner. The agreement to provide nonconforming plans was not in contravention of public policy because the public was protected, regardless of the agreement, by the Fire Marshall who must approve the building for occupancy.

These cases as well as those dealing with indemnification clauses establish that an obligee can dispense with a duty in tort established at least in part for his benefit without offending public policy. The fact that the obligee has a nondelegable duty to the public or third parties, alone, does not necessitate the conclusion that between the parties the obligee's duty is nondelegable. ³

Even so, private agreements have been found to be unenforceable in this state when it is determined that they contravene statutory law, are clearly contrary to what the legislature has declared to be public policy or clearly tend to injure the public in some sort of way. Typically, the statute at issue has either expressly precluded the parties from delegating the performance of the statutory duty or evinced a legislative purpose to protect persons of a particular class, of which the promisor is a member, from their own inability to protect themselves. In Meehan v. Meehan (1981), Ind., 425 N.E.2d 157, 160, the Indiana Supreme Court applied the rule, that the parties to an agreement cannot enforce terms which contravene statutory law, to an attempt by the parties to contractually settle their child support obligations. Notably, in that case, the legislature had acted to protect the interests of minor children unable to protect themselves by expressly limiting the contractual capacity of the parties to finally settle child support obligations. In Guffey, 572 N.E.2d 510, the court held a contract exempting an employer from the dictates of a prevailing wage statute which had been enacted as a means of protecting employees who were forced by economic pressures to accept substandard wages to be violative of the public policy furthered by the legislation. Of like nature is Noble v. Alis (1985), Ind.App., 474 N.E.2d 109, trans. denied, where the ordinance at issue, by its occupancy permit requirements, was designed to protect the leasing public from substandard housing and the lessees had unwittingly exempted the lessor from her...