Friery v. Los Angeles Unified School Dist.

• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Ninth Circuit
• Citation: Friery v. Los Angeles Unified School Dist., 448 F.3d 1146 (9th Cir. 2006)
• Decision Date: 24 May 2006
• Docket Number: No. 01-56016.,01-56016.
• Parties: James M. FRIERY, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. LOS ANGELES UNIFIED SCHOOL DISTRICT; Russ Thompson; Genethia Hudley Hayes; Valerie Fields; Victoria M. Castro; Caprice Young; David Tokofsky; Julie Korenstein; Mike Lansing; Ruben Zacarias, in their individual and official capacities; United Teachers of Los Angeles, Defendants-Appellees, and Office of Civil Rights; DOES 1 through 10, inclusive, Defendants.

448 F.3d 1146

James M. FRIERY, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. LOS ANGELES UNIFIED SCHOOL DISTRICT; Russ Thompson; Genethia Hudley Hayes; Valerie Fields; Victoria M. Castro; Caprice Young; David Tokofsky; Julie Korenstein; Mike Lansing; Ruben Zacarias, in their individual and official capacities; United Teachers of Los Angeles, Defendants-Appellees, and Office of Civil Rights; DOES 1 through 10, inclusive, Defendants.

No. 01-56016.

United States Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit.

Argued and Submitted June 5, 2002.

Questions Certified to California Supreme Court August 22, 2002.

Certification Denied November 13, 2002.

Supplemental Briefing Ordered August 13, 2003.

Submission Deferred March 12, 2004.

Supplemental Briefing Ordered October 28, 2005.

Re-argued and Re-submitted April 6, 2006.

Filed May 24, 2006.

Richard D. Ackerman, United States Justice Foundation, Temecula, CA, argued the cause and was on the brief for appellant. Gary G. Kreep, United States Justice Foundation, Escondido, CA, was on the brief.

Peter W. James, Baker & Hostetler LLP, Los Angeles, CA, argued the cause and was on the brief for appellee Los Angeles Unified School District. Lisa F. Hinchliffe and Gregory L. Vinson, Baker & Hostetler LLP, Los Angeles, CA, were on the brief.

Jesus E. Quinonez, Burbank, CA, argued the cause for appellee United Teachers of Los Angeles.

John D. Findley and Harold E. Johnson, Pacific Legal Foundation, Sacramento, CA, were on the brief for amicus curiae Pacific Legal Foundation.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Central District of California; Nora M. Manella, District Judge, Presiding. D.C. No. CV-00-06536-NM/SH.

Before DIARMUID F. O'SCANNLAIN, PAMELA ANN RYMER, and SIDNEY R. THOMAS, Circuit Judges.

ORDER

We have been asked to consider whether a school district's race-conscious faculty transfer policy violates either the California or federal constitutions.¹ Before we reach the merits of the claim, we must first consider whether the plaintiff has standing to bring suit. Because we conclude that the record is insufficiently developed to determine whether there is Article III standing, we remand to the district court for the limited purpose of finding facts and making a determination of the plaintiff's standing.²

I

James Friery, the plaintiff-appellant, is a physical education instructor at Van Nuys High School who sought to transfer to Van Nuys Math / Science Magnet School ("the Magnet School"). The Magnet School is located on the same campus as Van Nuys High School, and both are part of the Los Angeles Unified School District ("LAUSD").

The LAUSD has adopted a Transfer Policy which bars intra-district faculty transfers that would move the destination school's ratio of white faculty to nonwhite faculty too far from LAUSD's overall ratio. Versions of the Transfer Policy have been in place for about 20 years, but LAUSD adopted the current Transfer Policy in 1997. As its name suggests, the Transfer Policy applies only to "assignments, displacements and transfers of teachers," not to hiring or firing decisions. Under the Transfer Policy, both ordinary secondary schools (like Van Nuys High) and magnet schools (like Van Nuys Magnet) may deviate up to 15 percentage points below or 25 percentage points above the overall percentage of minority faculty. Thus, because in 1999, 51 percent of LAUSD's K-12 and magnet school teachers were minorities, the faculty of the Magnet School could permissibly be as high as 76 percent minority or as low as 36 percent minority. The Transfer Policy also provides that "the goals may be modified as a result of the qualifications of available applicants or to meet the instructional needs of students, the school's instructional program or other specific and demonstrable requirements of the school."

On or about June 17, 1999, Friery approached Russ Thompson, formerly the principal of Van Nuys High School, and inquired about the possibility of applying to transfer to a then-vacant position as the physical education teacher at the Magnet School. Thompson told Friery that he would not be eligible for the transfer because he was—in Thompson's words—of "the wrong ethnic origin." Friery did not file a formal application to transfer, in light of Thompson's representation. Friery's claims against the defendants are based solely on his challenge to the Transfer Policy.

As a result of Thompson's representation that he would not be eligible for the transfer, Friery filed suit in federal court, alleging violations of the Equal Protection Clause of the United States Constitution, U.S. Const. amend. XIV, § 1, and the Equal Protection Clause of the California Constitution, Cal. Const. art. I, § 31. Friery named as defendants Thompson; the LAUSD, its superintendent, and the members of its governing board; the union representing the district's teachers, with whom the district had negotiated the Transfer Policy; and a federal agency that was later dismissed from the action (collectively, "the defendants").

The district court, apparently assuming without deciding that Friery had established standing, granted summary judgment to the defendants, concluding that the Transfer Policy violated neither the California nor federal constitutions. Following submission after oral argument in June 2002, we certified various state law questions to the California Supreme Court. See Friery v. L.A. Unified Sch. Dist., 300 F.3d 1120 (9th Cir.2002). The California Supreme Court denied the request for certification. Friery v. L.A. Unified Sch. Dist., S109751 (filed Nov. 13, 2002). In August 2003, we invited the parties to file supplemental briefing discussing the impact of the Supreme Court's decisions in Grutter v. Bollinger, 539 U.S. 306, 123 S.Ct. 2325, 156 L.Ed.2d 304 (2003), and Gratz v. Bollinger, 539 U.S. 244, 123 S.Ct. 2411, 156 L.Ed.2d 257 (2003). We subsequently stayed proceedings pending Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District, No. 1, 426 F.3d 1162, 1173 (9th Cir.2005) (en banc). Those proceedings having concluded, the parties were invited to file supplemental briefing discussing Parents Involved in October 2005. Having received the supplemental briefing, we heard further oral argument and took this case under submission again. II

Friery challenges the constitutionality of the LAUSD's transfer policy. Despite the advanced stage of this litigation, the LAUSD questioned Friery's standing in its supplemental briefing. As standing implicates Article III limitations on our power to decide a case, we must address it before proceeding to the merits. See Arizonans for Official English v. Arizona, 520 U.S. 43, 64, 117 S.Ct. 1055, 137 L.Ed.2d 170 (1997) ("Standing to sue is an aspect of the case-controversy requirement."); see also Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(h)(3) ("Whenever it appears by suggestion of the parties or otherwise that the court lacks jurisdiction of the subject matter, the court shall dismiss the action.").

It is a long-established rule "that a plaintiff lacks standing to challenge a rule or policy to which he has not submitted himself by actually applying for the desired benefit." Madsen v. Boise State Univ., 976 F.2d 1219, 1220-1221 (9th Cir. 1992) (per curiam) (citing, inter alia, Moose Lodge No. 107 v. Irvis, 407 U.S. 163, 166-71, 92 S.Ct. 1965, 32 L.Ed.2d 627 (1972) (plaintiff who did not apply for membership in a fraternal organization lacked standing to challenge its discriminatory membership policies); and Lehon v. City of Atlanta, 242 U.S. 53, 56, 37 S.Ct. 70, 61 L.Ed. 145 (1916) (non-resident who did not apply for a permit lacked standing to challenge allegedly discriminatory licensing ordinance)). In Madsen, the plaintiff sued the university alleging discrimination because the university did not offer free handicap parking permits. Madsen called the university parking office to inquire about free permits, but was told that none were available. Id. at 1220. Madsen did not apply for a permit, nor did he seek a fee waiver. Id. Instead, he immediately filed a complaint with the U.S. Department of Education, Office of Civil Rights. Id. We determined, therefore, that Madsen did not have standing to bring his claim. Id. at 1221-22.

We noted in Madsen that requiring that a party to "have actually confronted the policy" that he alleges to be discriminatory "has several prudential and practical advantages." Id. at 1221. As we explained in the later case of United States v. Baugh, "A central reason for this requirement is to ensure that the challenged policy actually affected the person challenging it." 187 F.3d 1037, 1042 (9th Cir.1999).

On the facts before us in this appeal, we share the concerns expressed...