Fryman v. U.S.

• Decision Date: 26 April 1990
• Docket Number: No. 89-1139,89-1139
• Citation: 901 F.2d 79
• Parties: Dennis FRYMAN, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. UNITED STATES of America, Defendant-Appellee.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Seventh Circuit

Page 79

901 F.2d 79

Dennis FRYMAN, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. UNITED STATES of America, Defendant-Appellee.

No. 89-1139.

United States Court of Appeals Seventh Circuit.

Argued Feb. 21, 1990.

Decided April 26, 1990.

William T. Cahill, Maryann C. Hayes, Phelan, Pope & John, Chicago, Ill., Ronald L. Carpel, Coral Gables, Fla., for plaintiff-appellant.

David Hoff, Asst. U.S. Atty., Office of the U.S. Atty., Danville, Ill., John F. Cordes, Jr., Irene M. Solet, Dept. of Justice, Civil Div., Appellate Section, Washington, D.C., for defendant-appellee.

Before POSNER and EASTERBROOK, Circuit Judges, and MOODY, District Judge. ^*

EASTERBROOK, Circuit Judge.

A nasty flood of the Mississippi River in 1927 led to the Flood Control Act of 1928. Congress authorized a complex system of dams and diversionary channels to reduce the damage high water produces. Any system of flood control shifts the incidence of loss even if it substantially reduces the net damage. People upstream of the dams will be inundated although safe before; people downstream face spectacular loss if a dam fails or the floodgates must be opened at an inopportune time. These persons, new victims of floods at the same time flood-control programs rescue others, may be expected to complain. One part of the package in 1928, 33 U.S.C. Sec. 702c, closes courthouse doors to them. It provides that "[n]o liability of any kind shall attach to or rest upon the United States for any damage from or by floods or flood waters at any place".

Although Sec. 702c eliminates any remedies the courts might otherwise provide (in 1928 there were none, given sovereign immunity), Congress regularly enacts special legislation offering succor to victims of floods, whether or not the injuries were caused or augmented by federal flood-control works. Assistance in the billions of dollars has become routine. People living in flood plains must count the exchange a gain. Judicial relief would take much longer and would not match the generosity Congress has displayed. Section 702c now plays a role no one could have anticipated in 1928. After the Federal Tort Claims Act of 1946 waived a big chunk of sovereign immunity, Sec. 702c became an important defense. It matters in a class of cases for which Congress does not enact special legislation: boating accidents on the lakes impounded by flood-control dams, drownings, and in this case a diving accident that rendered a teenager quadriplegic.

Dennis Fryman and his brother Terry went swimming on August 7, 1983, near an island in Lake Shelbyville in Illinois. The lake was created between 1963 and 1970 as part of a flood-control project, and like many other artificial bodies of water was put to recreational use. The Army Corps of Engineers, which runs the flood-control operations, established the Wilborn Creek Recreational Area along the lake. People use the area for boating, water skiing, swimming, fishing, and picnicking. The island Fryman visited is submerged when the water level in the lake is high, but when it appears it is a popular site for picnics. Fryman attempted a shallow, racing dive into the water off the island; his head struck a concealed hazard, which broke his neck and left him paralyzed. The complaint (the only source of facts in the case) does not reveal what kind of object Fryman struck or whether he looked before leaping. Fryman's administrative claim under the Tort Claims Act was rejected; his suit contends that the Corps of Engineers acted not only negligently but also maliciously in not posting warning signs or closing the island to recreation. The district court dismissed the suit under Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(b)(1), holding that in light of Sec. 702c there is no federal jurisdiction (because the United States has not waived its sovereign immunity).

Section 702c is written broadly in the sense that it covers "any" damage, but it might have been possible to understand the scope of the statute--"floods or flood waters"--as referring only to the escape or overflowing of water. Recreational injuries within flood-control projects then would be covered by the Tort Claims Act rather than Sec. 702c. United States v. James, 478 U.S. 597, 106 S.Ct. 3116, 92 L.Ed.2d 483 (1986), considers and rejects this possibility. Boaters were swept to their deaths when waters within a flood-control and recreation project were released. The Court concluded that Sec. 702c applies to such injuries, because it is broadly written. It read the critical phrase, "floods or flood waters", broadly indeed, 478 U.S. at 605, 106 S.Ct. at 3121:

The Act concerns flood control projects designed to carry floodwaters. It is thus clear from Sec. 702c's plain language that the terms "flood" and "flood waters" apply to all waters contained in or carried through a federal flood control project for purposes of or related to flood control, as well as to waters that such projects cannot control.

Accordingly, every drop of water in Lake Shelbyville is "flood water" within the meaning of Sec. 702c, and the statute blocks recovery if the injury is "damage from or by" these waters.

Fryman says that the injury was inflicted by a combination of the hidden object and the Corps of Engineers' failure to warn him off. Water, Fryman insists, has nothing to do with his paralysis. By contrast, the water in James was the culpable actor, seizing the boat and dragging the passengers under. Attributing motives and deeds to water is not a way around James. In both cases the responsible actors were federal employees, and the negligence (if any) lay in not taking precautions. Water played some role in both--in James creating the fatal current, in this case concealing the obstacle and creating the motive for the dive. The government could have kept boats off the lakes involved in James, or it could have kept boaters farther back from the sluices; decisions concerning the recreational use of the lakes led to the deaths, just as (Fryman contends) decisions concerning the recreational aspects of Lake Shelbyville led to his injury.

Recharacterizing causes as Fryman proposes would enable parties to avoid James by playing word games. It was not a pleading defect that led the plaintiffs to lose James; it was the fact that the deaths occurred as a result of a risk of running a flood-control project. The Court rejected both the argument that injuries from the recreational components of a flood-control project are outside Sec. 702c, 478 U.S. at 609-10, 106 S.Ct. at 3123-24, and a contention that losses attributable to failure to warn of hazards are not covered, id. at 610-12, 106 S.Ct. at 3123-25. The Court described Sec. 702c as barring " 'any' liability associated with flood control", 478 U.S. at 608, 106 S.Ct. at 3122, and any liability arising out of the " 'management' of a flood control project", id. at 610, 106 S.Ct. at 3123. The Court found it hard to conceive how Sec. 702c could have been more broadly written; we find it hard to conceive how a decision interpreting this statute could have been more broadly written.

James was so broadly written that it cannot be applied literally. The "management of a flood control project" includes building roads to reach the beaches and hiring staff to run the project. If the Corps of Engineers should allow a walrus-sized pothole to swallow tourists' cars on the way to the beach, or if a tree-trimmer's car should careen through some picnickers, these injuries would be "associated with" flood control. They would occur within the boundaries of the project, and but for the effort to curtail flooding the injuries would not have happened. Yet they would have nothing...