Fujiwara v. Clark, 82-4095

• Decision Date: 01 April 1983
• Docket Number: No. 82-4095,82-4095
• Citation: 703 F.2d 357
• Parties: Elizabeth FUJIWARA, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. Charles G. CLARK, etc., et al, Defendants-Appellees.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Ninth Circuit

Page 357

703 F.2d 357

Elizabeth FUJIWARA, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. Charles G. CLARK, etc., et al, Defendants-Appellees.

No. 82-4095.

United States Court of Appeals,

Ninth Circuit.

Argued and Submitted Nov. 10, 1982.

Decided Feb. 2, 1983.

Rehearing and Rehearing En Banc Denied April 1, 1983.

Paul Alston, Paul, Johnson & Alston, Honolulu, Hawaii, for plaintiff-appellant.

Christobel K. Kealoha, Lawrence Kumabe, Honolulu, Hawaii, for defendants-appellees.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of Hawaii.

Before MERRILL, WRIGHT and TRASK, Circuit Judges.

MERRILL, Circuit Judge:

Plaintiff-Appellant Elizabeth Fujiwara was discharged from a position she held with the Department of Education of the State of Hawaii ("DOE"). She contends that she was discharged for exercising rights of free speech guaranteed by the First and Fourteenth Amendments of the Constitution of the United States. She has brought this action for injunctive relief under 42 U.S.C. Sec. 1983 against two officers of the DOE and the members of the Board of Education. She also sought damages from the two DOE officers, Appellees Yamashita and Clark.

The District Court granted Appellant's request for an injunction, and Appellant has been restored to her former position. 477 F.Supp. 794 (D.Hawaii 1978). In granting this relief, the District Court reserved the question of Appellant's right to recover damages against the two officers of the DOE. Later, on motion brought by the officers, the District Court granted them summary judgment against Appellant, holding that as matter of law the doctrine of qualified immunity protected them from personal liability for damages. 477 F.Supp. 822 (D.Hawaii 1979). This appeal is taken from that judgment and presents the question whether, under the facts of this case, the doctrine of qualified immunity applies as matter of law. ¹

I

Appellant was hired in 1977 by the DOE for its Management, Audit and Civil Rights Branch, where she was to monitor the DOE compliance with federal civil rights statutes and regulations. In December 1977, Appellant and a co-worker, on several occasions, gave statements to the Honolulu press expressing the view that the DOE was not complying with the federal regulations respecting civil rights of faculty members and students. On January 30, 1978, Appellee Yamashita, as Director of the branch of the DOE that employed Appellant, issued to Appellee Clark as Superintendent of Education a recommendation that Appellant be dismissed. Yamashita gave eight reasons for termination, each dealing with specific acts or omissions on Appellant's part. Six of the eight reasons related to statements that Appellant had made to the press or to the scheduling of news conferences. Two of the reasons were unrelated to the right of free speech. Appellant was formally discharged by Appellee Clark on February 7, 1978.

Appellant then brought this action. Appellant sought a temporary injunction, which evolved into a motion for a permanent injunction. After taking testimony, receiving depositions and hearing extensive oral argument, the District Court granted a permanent injunction restoring Appellant to her former position with all accrued employee benefits and enjoining Appellees from disciplining, demoting or dismissing Appellant by reason of or arising out of any of the statements attributed to her in the letters recommending discharge. 477 F.Supp. 794.

Yamashita, Clark and others appealed the grant of injunction, but, by order of this Court, that appeal was dismissed for want of prosecution. As the District Court noted in its later Order Granting Defendants Partial Summary Judgment, its decision on the injunctive claim finally determined all issues common to it and the claim for damages.

                477 F.Supp. at 829 & n. 16.   See Perryton Wholesale, Inc. v. Pioneer Distributing Company of Kansas, Inc., 353 F.2d 618, 623 (10th Cir.1965), cert. denied, 383 U.S. 945, 86 S.Ct. 1202, 16 L.Ed.2d 208 (1966). 2
                

II

Following the grant of permanent injunction, Appellees moved the District Court for a summary judgment on the issue of damages, contending that they were entitled to qualified or good-faith immunity from personal liability for damages. The District Court granted summary judgment, and this appeal followed. The question presented is whether the District Court erred in holding as matter of law that qualified or good-faith immunity protected Appellees from personal liability for damages resulting from their firing of Appellant in violation of her constitutional rights.

In Wood v. Strickland, 420 U.S. 308, 95 S.Ct. 992, 43 L.Ed.2d 214 (1975), the Supreme Court determined that school officials are entitled to qualified immunity from damage awards under Sec. 1983 for violation of the constitutional rights of students. It stated:

A compensatory award will be appropriate only if the school board member has acted * * * with such disregard of the student's clearly established constitutional rights that his action cannot reasonably be characterized as being in good faith.

420 U.S. at 322, 95 S.Ct. at 1001.

The Court made it clear, however, that a school official "must be held to a standard of conduct based * * * on knowledge of the basic, unquestioned constitutional rights of his charges". Id. The Court held:

Therefore, in the specific context of school discipline, we hold that a school board member is not immune from liability for damages under Sec. 1983 if he knew or reasonably should have known that the action he took within his sphere of official responsibility would violate the constitutional rights of the student affected * * *.

Id. ³

In Procunier v. Navarette, 434 U.S. 555, 98 S.Ct. 855, 55 L.Ed.2d 24 (1978), the Court restated the Wood v. Strickland rule, breaking it into three parts:

Under the * * * Wood v. Strickland rule, the immunity defense would be unavailing to petitioners if the constitutional right allegedly infringed by them was clearly established at the time of their challenged conduct, if they knew or should have known of that right, and if they knew or should have known that their conduct violated the constitutional norm.

Id. at 562, 98 S.Ct. at 860.

In our case, the District Court, in granting the permanent injunction, held that Appellant's constitutional rights had been violated [c]learly established that [plaintiffs] * * * had a protected constitutional right under the First Amendment to address the public concerning the DOE's failure to comply with the Civil Rights laws[,]

by Appellees when she was fired. 477 F.Supp. at 802. And when discussing qualified immunity, it dealt explicitly with the first two prongs of the Procunier test. It stated that the case of Pickering v. Board of Education, 391 U.S. 563, 88 S.Ct. 1731, 20 L.Ed.2d 811 (1968),

and that

defendants should have known of this right because it was an established legal principle.

477 F.Supp. at 834.

In holding that these rights were violated, the District Court followed the holding of Mt. Healthy City School District Board of Education v. Doyle, 429 U.S. 274, 97 S.Ct. 568, 50 L.Ed.2d 471 (1977), as to the standard to be applied where the firing of a teacher is for multiple grounds, some of which are protected by the Constitution and some are not. There the Supreme Court stated:

Initially, in this case, the burden was properly placed upon respondent to show that his conduct was constitutionally protected, and that this conduct was a "substantial factor"--or, to put it in other words, that it was a "motivating factor" in the Board's decision not to rehire him. Respondent having carried that burden, however, the District Court should have gone on to determine whether the Board had shown by a preponderance of the evidence that it would have reached the same decision as to respondent's reemployment even in the absence of the protected conduct.

429 U.S. at 287, 97 S.Ct. at 576 (footnote omitted). See Peacock v. Duval, 694 F.2d 644, 645 (9th Cir.1982); Nicholson v. Board of Education, 682 F.2d 858, 862 (9th Cir.1982).

In our case, the District Court, in granting the permanent injunction, resolved both of these factors in favor of Appellant. It stated:

Plaintiff Fujiwara was discharged from public employment in substantial part because of her exercise of her right to speak on issues of public importance in violation of the protection accorded her by the First Amendment. Defendants have failed to show by a preponderance of the evidence that the same decision would have been reached as to her discharge in the absence of the protected conduct.

477 F.Supp. at 802.

III

The question remains whether--under the third Procunier prong--Appellees should have known that their conduct would violate Appellant's constitutional rights; that is, whether the Mt. Healthy standard was clearly established. Since the decision of the District Court, the Supreme Court has dealt with this question in Harlow v. Fitzgerald, --- U.S. ----, 102 S.Ct. 2727, 73 L.Ed.2d 396 (1982). There the Court stated:

On summary judgment, the judge appropriately may determine, not only the currently applicable law, but whether that law was clearly established at the time an action occurred. If the law at that time was not clearly established, an official could not reasonably be expected to anticipate subsequent legal developments, nor could he fairly be said to "know" that the law forbade conduct not previously identified as unlawful. Until this threshold immunity question is resolved, discovery should not be allowed. If the law was clearly established, the immunity defense ordinarily should fail, since a reasonably competent public official should know the law governing his conduct. Nevertheless, if the official pleading the defense claims extraordinary circumstances and can prove that he neither knew nor should have known of the relevant legal standard, the defense should be sustained. But again, the defense would turn primarily on...