Gallagher v. N.Y.S. Bd. of Elections
| Decision Date | 23 October 2020 |
| Docket Number | 20 Civ. 5504 (AT) |
| Citation | 496 F.Supp.3d 842 |
| Parties | Emily GALLAGHER, Suraj Patel, Katherine Stabile, Jillian Santella, Aaron Seawright, James C. McNamee, Kristin Sage Rockerman, Maria Barva, Miriam Lazewatsky, Myles Peterson, Samantha Pinsky, Christian O'Toole, Tess Harkin, Caitlin Phung, Antonio Pontón-Núñez, individually and on behalf of all others similarly situated, Plaintiffs, v. NEW YORK STATE BOARD OF ELECTIONS ; Peter S. Kosinski, Andrew Spano, and Douglas Kellner, individually and in their official capacities as Commissioners of the New York State Board of Elections ; Todd D. Valentine, Robert A. Brehm, individually and in their official capacities as Co-Executive Directors of the New York State Board of Elections ; and Andrew Cuomo as Governor of the State of New York, Defendants. Maria D. Kaufer and Ethan Felder, Plaintiff-Intervenors, v. New York State Board of Elections ; Peter S. Kosinski, Andrew Spano, and Douglas Kellner, individually and in their official capacities as Commissioners of the New York State Board of Elections ; Todd D. Valentine, Robert A. Brehm, individually and in their official capacities as Co-Executive Directors of the New York State Board of Elections ; and Andrew Cuomo as Governor of the State of New York; New York City Board of Elections; Patricia Anne Taylor individually and as President of the New York City Board of Elections; and Michael J. Ryan, individually and as the Executive Director of the New York City Board of Elections, Defendants. |
| Court | U.S. District Court — Southern District of New York |
Ali Najmi, Law Office of Ali Najmi, Kew Gardens, NY, Jonathan Wallace, Solo Practitioner, Astoria, NY, Remy Green, Cohen&Green, Ridgewood, NY, for Plaintiffs Emily Gallagher, Suraj Patel, Katherine Stabile, Jillian Santella, Aaron Seawright, James C. McNamee, Kristin Sage Rockerman, Maria Barva, Miriam Lazewatsky, Myles Peterson, Samantha Pinsky, Christian O'Toole, Tess Harkin, Caitlin Phung.
Remy Green, Cohen&Green, Ridgewood, NY, for Plaintiffs Antonio Ponton-Nunez, Alessandra Biaggi.
Arthur Z. Schwartz, Advocates for Justice, Chartered Attorneys, New York, NY, for Plaintiff-Intervenors.
Owen Thomas Conroy, Roderick Leopold Arz, New York State Office of the Attorney General, New York, NY, for Defendants New York State Board of Elections, Peter S. Kosinski, Andrew Spano, Todd D. Valentine, Robert A. Brehm, Andrew Cuomo.
Owen Thomas Conroy, Roderick Leopold Arz, New York State, Office of the Attorney General, Douglas A. Kellner, Kellner Herlihy Getty & Friedman LLP, New York, NY, for Defendant Douglas Kellner.
Stephen Edward Kitzinger, New York City Law Depart. Office of the Corporation Counsel, New York, NY, for Defendants Michael J. Ryan, New York City Board of Elections.
This action challenges the constitutionality of the New York Election Law which requires that mail-in absentee ballots be postmarked. N.Y. Elec. Law § 8-412(1). Plaintiffs pursued a similar challenge in the aftermath of New York's June 23, 2020 primary election (the "June 23 Primary"), when errors by the United States Postal Service (the "USPS") caused thousands of timely-cast ballots to arrive without postmarks or with postmarks applied too late. ECF No. 91. On August 3, 2020, the Court granted Plaintiffs’ motion for a preliminary injunction with respect to that election (the "August 3 Order") and directed the Commissioners of the New York State Board of Elections (the "NYSBOE") to order all local boards of elections ("Local Boards") to count certain absentee ballots cast in the June 23 Primary. Id.
With the November 3, 2020 general election (the "General Election") approaching, Plaintiffs now move to expand the scope and breadth of the August 3 Order. Plaintiffs ask the Court to: (1) extend the order to cover all upcoming elections; (2) direct the NYSBOE to require Local Boards to send out absentee ballot applications and ballots promptly upon request; and (3) direct the NYSBOE to require Local Boards to count all otherwise valid absentee ballots without regard to whether they are postmarked. Alternatively, Plaintiffs request that the Court order the NYSBOE to require Local Boards to provide voters a pre-rejection notice for absentee ballots with a late or missing postmark, and an opportunity to cure the defect by affidavit. In addition, Plaintiffs seek leave to file a second amended complaint adding Alessandra Biaggi as a plaintiff.
For the reasons stated below, Plaintiffs’ request to file a second amended complaint is GRANTED. The motion to expand the injunction is DENIED.
On September 11, 2020, Plaintiffs filed a first amended complaint naming thirteen New York State voters: Maria Barva, Tess Harkin, James McNamee, Miriam Lazewatsky, Myles Peterson, Caitlin Phung, Kristin Sage Rockerman, Samantha Pinsky, Antonio Pontón-Núñez, Jillian Santella, Aaron Seawright, Katherine Stabile, and Christian O'Toole. FAC ¶¶ 13–25, ECF No. 109. Each voted by absentee ballot in the June 23 Primary and mailed their ballots on June 22 or 23, 2020. Id. Nine of the voters nonetheless had their ballots preliminarily invalidated due to an untimely postmark, and two had their ballots rejected in the final count. Id. One, Lazewatsky, does not know whether her ballot was invalidated. Id. ¶ 19; Lazewatsky Decl. ¶¶ 5–6, ECF No. 127.1 Although she acknowledges that it would be safer to vote by mail during the COVID-19 pandemic, she is concerned that her vote will not be counted in the General Election, and plans to vote in person. Lazewatsky Decl. ¶ 7. With the exception of Lazewatsky and Santella (who says she is unsure whether she will vote by absentee ballot, FAC ¶ 14; Santella Decl. ¶ 9, ECF No. 128), the remaining voters do not indicate whether they intend to cast their ballots by mail in the General Election.
Two candidates in the June 23 Primary, Emily Gallagher and Suraj Patel, are also plaintiffs. FAC ¶¶ 11–12. Gallagher, a candidate for the State Assembly, won her primary race, and will be on the ballot in the General Election without an opponent. FAC ¶ 11. Patel, who was seeking the Democratic Party's nomination for a seat in the House of Representatives, has conceded defeat. FAC ¶ 12. In their second amended complaint, Plaintiffs seek to add State Senator Alessandra Biaggi as a plaintiff. SAC ¶ 12, ECF No. 110-1. Biaggi will be on the ballot in the General Election, running in a contested race for a second term in New York's 34th Senate District, which encompasses portions of Bronx and Westchester Counties. SAC ¶ 12; Pl. Mem. at 12, ECF No. 112-1.
In addition to the allegations of the plaintiffs in the first amended complaint and Santella's and Lazewatsky's declarations, Plaintiffs submit declarations from eight other similarly-situated voters, who are not named in the first amended complaint but whom the Court treats as non-party declarants: Rosanne Kennedy, Irene Nielson, Stephen Nielson, Andrew Todd, Heather Kabakoff, Olivia Lapeyrolerie, Madison Stephens, and Jonathan Macagba. ECF Nos. 118–25. These New York City voters describe their experience with submitting absentee ballots in the June 23 Primary. They attest that they mailed their absentee ballots on June 22 or 23, yet their ballots were invalidated for untimely postmarks. ECF Nos. 118–25. Kabakoff, Lapeyrolerie, and the Nielsons mailed their ballots at various times on June 22, but their ballots bear a postmark date of June 25, representing a three-day delay in the postmarking process (at least for Lapeyrolerie and the Nielsons, who aver that they mailed their ballots in the morning).2 ECF Nos. 122–23, 119–20. Kennedy, Macagba, Stephens, and Todd mailed their ballots at various times before noon on June 23, but their ballots bear a postmark date of June 25, representing a two-day delay in the postmarking process. ECF Nos. 118, 125, 124, 121.
Several of these non-party declarants express disappointment and concern that their ballots were invalidated, despite their following state and local mandates. See Todd Decl. ¶ 9, ECF No. 121 (); Lapeyrolerie Decl. ¶ 10, ECF No. 123 ( ; Kabakoff Decl. ¶ 11, ECF No. 122 ().
After the June 23 Primary, the New York State Legislature enacted various laws modifying absentee voting processes and procedures. The election laws were amended to allow voters to apply for absentee ballots more than 30 days before election day. 2020 Sess. Laws of N.Y. Ch. 138 (A. 10807). The election laws were further modified to require Local Boards to inform absentee voters if their ballot envelope contains certain technical deficiencies, and provide voters an opportunity to cure such defects. 2020 Sess. Laws of N.Y. Ch. 141 (S.8370-B). This provision also mandates timely notice of rejection of a ballot envelope. Id. In addition, the election laws now permit Local Boards to count absentee ballots that arrive at their offices on the day after election day, even if such ballots are missing a postmark. 2020 Sess. Laws of N.Y. Ch. 140 (S.8799-A). Under existing law, Local Boards must count all absentee ballots received between two and seven days after election day, so long as such ballots are postmarked by election day. N.Y. Elec. Law § 8-412(1).
Separately, Governor Andrew M. Cuomo issued executive orders relating to the General Election. Executive Order 202.58 requires Local Boards to send voters information about early voting, absentee voting, and in-person voting...
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