Gapanovich v. Komori Corp.

• Decision Date: 14 April 1992
• Citation: 605 A.2d 1120,255 N.J.Super. 607
• Parties: Michael S. GAPANOVICH, Plaintiff-Respondent, v. KOMORI CORPORATION, Defendant-Appellant, and Komori Printing Machinery Co., Ltd., et al., Defendants.
• Court: New Jersey Superior Court — Appellate Division

Page 607

255 N.J.Super. 607

605 A.2d 1120

Michael S. GAPANOVICH, Plaintiff-Respondent, v. KOMORI CORPORATION, Defendant-Appellant, and Komori Printing Machinery Co., Ltd., et al., Defendants.

Superior Court of New Jersey,

Appellate Division.

Argued March 2, 1992.

Decided April 14, 1992.

Thomas M. Moore, Newark, for defendant-appellant (Carpenter, Bennett & Morrissey, attorneys; Thomas M. Moore, on the brief).

Anthony N. Gallina, Rochelle Park, for plaintiff-respondent (Anthony N. Gallina, on the brief).

Before Judges J.H. COLEMAN ¹, BILDER and KEEFE.

The opinion of the court was delivered by

BILDER, J.A.D.

On this appeal we are asked to determine the effectiveness of service of process in Japan on a Japanese corporation by the use of the mail procedure authorized by R.4:4-4(c). In so doing, we are required to interpret the Hague Convention on the Service Abroad of Judicial and Extrajudicial Documents in Civil or Commercial Matters (variously Hague Convention or Convention) ². Both are questions of initial impression in New Jersey.

Plaintiff has filed a product liability complaint in which he alleges he was injured while using a printing press manufactured by defendant Komori Corporation ³ and sold to plaintiff's employer by defendant Komori America Corporation. According to defendant's affidavits, Komori is a Japanese corporation with no place of business, office, employee, servant or agent authorized to accept service of process in New Jersey, and Komori America is a wholly owned but totally separate and independent subsidiary of Komori.

Plaintiff attempted to serve Komori by serving Komori America at its New Jersey place of business and by mail service in accordance with R.4:4-4(c) directed to Komori at its place of business in Tokyo. Komori moved in the Law Division to quash the service. In response, plaintiff filed a cross-motion for leave to take the depositions of Mitsuhiko Gotoh, General Manager of Komori's Export Department II, the individual who signed one of Komori's supporting affidavits. Without hearing oral argument, the trial judge entered a R. 1:6-2 order in which he denied Komori's motion to quash the service and granted plaintiff leave to depose Gotoh at plaintiff's attorney's office in Rochelle Park. Komori appeals from both aspects of the order.

The Service of Process

Komori contends that the attempts to serve it by service on its independent subsidiary, Komori America, and by mail service to Komori at its place of business in Japan were both defective. The merit of these contentions requires a consideration of the Hague Convention, an international treaty which has been ratified by both the United States and Japan.

The Hague Service Convention is a multilateral treaty that was formulated in 1964 by the Tenth Session of the Hague Conference of Private International Law. The Convention revised parts of the Hague Conventions on Civil Procedure of 1905 and 1954. The revision was intended to provide a simpler way to serve process abroad, to assure that defendants sued in foreign jurisdictions would receive actual and timely notice of suit, and to facilitate proof of service abroad. [Volkswagenwerk v. Schlunk, 486 U.S. 694, 698, 108 S.Ct. 2104, 2107, 100 L.Ed.2d 722, 730 (1988) ]

The document was designed to establish a system "for the effective, expeditious and inexpensive service of legal documents abroad." Vazquez v. Sund Emba AB, 152 A.D.2d 389, 548 N.Y.S.2d 728, 729 (2 Dept. 1989) quoting the Report of the U.S. Delegation. It provides a mechanism by which a plaintiff authorized to serve process under the laws of its own country can effect service that will give appropriate notice to the party being served and will not be objectionable to the country in which that party is served. See DeJames v. Magnificence Carriers, Inc., 654 F.2d 280, 288 (3rd Cir.1981), cert. den., 454 U.S. 1085, 102 S.Ct. 642, 70 L.Ed.2d 620 (1981).

As a treaty, the Hague Convention is the supreme law of the land. See U.S. Const. Art. VI, cl. 2; Ackermann v. Levine, 788 F.2d 830, 838 (2nd Cir.1986). When it applies, it overrides state methods of service that are objectionable to the nation in which the process is served. Committee on Federal Courts of the New York State Bar Association, Service of Process Abroad: A Nuts and Bolts Guide, 122 F.R.D. 63, 72 (1989). However, if local law permits local service obviating the need for foreign service, the Hague Convention is inapplicable. See Volkswagenwerk v. Schlunk, supra. In that case, because under Illinois law a domestic subsidiary is a foreign corporation's involuntary agent for service of process, the Supreme Court held that service within that forum on the domestic subsidiary was effective and obviated the need for foreign service. Id. 486 U.S. at 707-708, 108 S.Ct. at 2112-2113. Thus the requirements of the Hague Convention did not apply. Id. at 707-708, 108 S.Ct. at 2112-2113. In New Jersey, such service is not effective; the attempted service on Komori America did not constitute service on Komori. See Charles Gendler & Co., Inc. v. Nippon Elec. Co., 199 N.J.Super. 227, 488 A.2d 1091 (App.Div.1985), rev. on other grounds, 102 N.J. 460, 508 A.2d 1127 (1986); Pressler, Current N.J. Court Rules, comment to R. 4:4-4(c) at 739 (1992). Therefore, we must consider whether the mail service made in Japan in accordance with our rules is effective under the Hague Convention.

The Hague Convention authorizes a number of alternative methods for serving documents. See Service of Process Abroad, supra, 122 F.R.D. at 70. Plaintiff relies on the provisions of Article 10(a) which state:

Provided the State of destination does not object, the present Convention shall not interfere with--

(a) the freedom to send judicial documents, by postal channels, directly to persons abroad, ....

Japan has not objected. 28 U.S.C.A., Fed.R.Civ.Proc. (West Supplement 1991) at 152. Komori contends in response that Article 10(a) refers to "sending" documents and that "sending" does not include service of process. In making this contention, Komori points to a significant split of authority as to whether Article 10(a) permits mail service. The contrary arguments and the conflicting authorities have been succinctly set forth in Nicholson v. Yamaha, 80 Md.App. 695, 704-710, 566 A.2d 135, 140-142 (1989), cert. den., 318 Md. 683, 569 A.2d 1242 (1990), a decision in which the court concluded that mail service is permitted. In brief, the contra argument is that the term "service" is used throughout the Hague Convention, thus suggesting that the use of the term "send" in Article 10(a) excludes that critical process. See Shoei Kako Co., Ltd. v. Superior Court, 33 Cal.App.3d 808, 820-821, 109 Cal.Rptr. 402, 411 (1973).

Our examination of the authorities convinces us that the more persuasive authority is on the side of those who find that process is among the documents which may be sent by mail under Article 10(a). This is the only construction which will achieve the Convention's stated goal of effective, expeditious and inexpensive service, see Vazquez v. Sund Emba AB, supra,--of providing a simpler way to serve process abroad, see Volkswagenwerk v. Schlunk, supra 486 U.S. at 698, 108 S.Ct. at 2107, 100 L.Ed.2d at 730. See also Societe Nat. Ind. Aero v. U.S. Dist. Court, 482 U.S. 522, 534, 107 S.Ct. 2542, 2550, 96 L.Ed.2d 461, 477-478 (1987).

In adopting the convention, member nations agreed that a liberal interpretation should be given to its terms, see International Service of Process: A Guide to Serving Process Abroad Under the Hague Convention, 39 Okla.L.R. 287, 288 (1986). This accords with the general rule of construing treaties broadly, see Volkswagenwerk v. Schlunk, supra 486 U.S. at 700, 108 S.Ct. at 2108; 1 Restatement of Foreign Relations Law § 325(1) (1986), and with our own practice of construing remedial legislation broadly in a manner which advances the legislative purpose, see State v. Tischio, 107 N.J. 504, 511, 527 A.2d 388 (1987); Cressey v. Campus Chefs, Div. of CVI Service Inc., 204 N.J.Super. 337, 342, 498 A.2d 1274 (App.Div.1985).

Moreover, interpretation of Article 10(a) as permitting mail service is generally considered the sounder view by those considered to be authoritative in the field. See Practical Handbook on the Operation of the Hague Convention of 15 November 1965 on the Service Abroad of Judicial and Extrajudicial Documents in Civil or Commercial Matters (1985) at 39; ⁴ 1 Ristau, International Judicial Assistance (Civil and Commercial ) § 4-28 (1984) (referring to the Rapporteur's report on the final text of the convention); 1986 Supplementary Practice Commentary C4-34, 28 U.S.C.A. Fed.R.Civ.P. 4 (West Supp.1991) at 115; Service of Process Abroad: A Nuts and Bolts Guide, supra, 122 F.R.D. at 79; Hamilton, An Interpretation of the Hague Convention on the Service Abroad of Judicial and Extrajudicial Documents Concerning Personal Service in Japan, 6 Loy. L.A. Int'l & Comp. L.J. 141 (1983) at 159. It appears that a majority of the courts which have considered the matter have found mail service is permitted. See Hammond v. Honda Motor Co., Ltd., 128 F.R.D. 638, 641 (D.S.C.1989).

The contrary view, described by Born and Westin in their text, International Civil Litigation in United States Courts (1989) as finely parsing the language of Article 10(a), would in our view undermine the goals of the Hague Convention. The practical effect would be to destroy the concept of mail service and require in every case the use of expensive and cumbersome procedures. In a concurring opinion in ...