Garrett v. Crown Coach Corp.

• Court: California Court of Appeals
• Writing for the Court: FILES
• Citation: Garrett v. Crown Coach Corp., 259 Cal.App.2d 647, 66 Cal.Rptr. 590 (Cal. App. 1968)
• Decision Date: 29 February 1968
• Parties: Hollis McKinley GARRETT, Plaintiff and Appellant, v. CROWN COACH CORPORATION, Defendant and Respondent. Civ. 30946.

Page 590

66 Cal.Rptr. 590

259 Cal.App.2d 647

Hollis McKinley GARRETT, Plaintiff and Appellant, v. CROWN COACH CORPORATION, Defendant and Respondent.

Civ. 30946.

Court of Appeal, Second District, Division 4, California.

Feb. 29, 1968.

Hearing Denied April 24, 1968.

Brinton N. Bowles, Visalia, for plaintiff and appellant.

Harold Q. Longenecker, Los Angeles, for defendant and respondent.

FILES, Presiding Justice.

The trial court sustained the demurrer of the respondent Crown Coach Corporation (hereinafter Crown) to the second amended complaint upon the ground that the action was barred by the one-year limitation provided in Code of Civil Procedure, section 340, subdivision 3.

The single question presented here is whether plaintiff's original complaint made Crown a party from the commencement of the action under Code of Civil Procedure, section 474. ¹

The action was commenced on February 23, 1965, to recover damages for injuries allegedly sustained when plaintiff's vehicle was struck by a school bus on June 24, 1964. The original complaint names as parties defendant the Board of Education, two school districts, Richard Keeley, Dwayne Lind, Doe One, Doe Two, Doe Three, Doe Four and Doe Five. The first paragraph of that complaint is as follows:

'That the true names or capacities, whether individual, corporate, associate or otherwise of defendants Doe One to Doe Five are unknown to the plaintiff, who therefore sues said defendants by such fictitious names, and will ask leave of court to amend his complaint to show their true names and capacities when the same have been ascertained. Plaintiff is informed and believes, and thereon alleges that each of the defendants designated herein as a Doe is negligently responsible in some manner for the events and the happenings herein referred to, and negligently caused injuries and damages to the plaintiff thereby as herein alleged.' ²

Paragraph IV of that complaint alleges that the Does were agents, servants and employees of the Board of Education and the two school districts, and acting within the course and scope of their agency and employment at all times and places therein mentioned.

Paragraph VII alleges that the defendants Keeley and Lind did maintain and operate the bus negligently, causing it to strike plaintiff's vehicle. Paragraph X charges 'That as a direct and proximate result of the carelessness, negligence and unlawful and imprudent operation of the said vehicle by the defendants and each of them, plaintiff was injured * * *.'

The second amended complaint, filed March 1, 1966, alleges:

'That plaintiff at the time of filing his original complaint, not knowing the name of the defendant Crown Coach Corporation, and therefore being ignorant of same, did name and sue said defendant as 'Doe One', and thereafter and does herein name and substitute the defendant Crown Coach Corporation in the place and stead of the defendant 'Doe One'.'

The charging allegations of the original complaint are repeated in substance against all of the originally named defendants other than Doe One. This pleading makes the new allegations that Crown Coach Corporation did design and manufacture the bus, and that it did so negligently.

Crown appeared and demurred to the complaint, thereby pleading the defense of limitations. The demurrer was sustained without leave to amend, and an order of dismissal followed. Plaintiff appeals from this order.

For the purpose of the statute of limitations, a party properly sued by a fictitious name in the original complaint in conformity with section 474 is deemed a party from the commencement of the action. (Farris v. Merritt (1883) 63 Cal. 118.)

This is not a case in which there is any basis in the record for challenging the bona fides of plaintiff's allegation that he was ignorant of the true name of Doe One. The only facts before the court are those alleged in the complaints. Crown calls attention to the description of the bus in the original complaint as a '1960 Crown 79 passenger school bus.' This mention of a trade name cannot be deemed the equivalent of knowledge that Crown Coach Corporation was the designer or manufacturer.

The fact that plaintiff had the means of knowledge is not necessarily a bar to the application of section 474. (Irving v. Carpentier (1886) 70 Cal. 23, 11 P. 391.) Moreover, even though the plaintiff may know of the existence of a person, the plaintiff is 'ignorant' within the meaning of section 474 if he lacks knowledge of that person's connection with the case. (Mishalow v. Horwald (1964) 231 Cal.App.2d 517, 41 Cal.Rptr. 895; Larson v. Barnett (1950) 101 Cal.App.2d 282, 225 P.2d 297.)

This is not a case which involves any review of an order granting leave to amend to set forth a true name. The record on appeal shows only that the complaint was amended, and this reviewing court must assume that regular procedure was followed in this regard.

The problem in the case at bench arises because the amended pleading seeks to hold Crown upon a theory not spelled out in the original complaint. The first pleading is based specifically upon allegedly negligent maintenance and operation of the bus. The school districts were allegedly responsible for the vehicle, and the other defendants, including Doe One, were alleged to have acted as agents and servants of those entities. The second amended complaint reflects plaintiff's desire to charge Crown as a negligent designer and manufacturer, a theory not revealed by any factual allegation in the earlier pleading.

The controlling authority on this point is Austin v. Massachusetts Bonding & Insurance Co. (1961) 56 Cal.2d 596, 15 Cal.Rptr. 817, 364 P.2d 681. In that action the original complaint alleged that the defendants including those designated by fictitious names, acted as brokers and agents for plaintiffs and refused to deliver securities which they had received on behalf of plaintiffs. The complaint also alleged that the defendants had filed a 'surety bond in the sum of $5000 for the faithful performance of its duties as a licensed broker.' There was nothing in that pleading to suggest that any of the defendants was the surety on the bond or that plaintiffs had any intention of seeking indemnification from the surety in that action. By an amended complaint, filed more than two years later, plaintiffs repeated substantially the allegations of the original complaint, substituted Massachusetts Bonding for one of the defendants sued by a fictitious name, and alleged that Massachusetts Bonding executed the surety bond and that plaintiffs were entitled to recover on the bond by reason of the conduct of the originally named defendants.

With respect to the contention of Massachusetts Bonding that the amendment raised a new and different cause of action the Supreme Court said (at p. 602, 15 Cal.Rptr. at p. 820, 364 P.2d at p. 684):

'In the present case the original complaint and the amended complaint allege the same defalcations by Pacific and its officers with respect to plaintiffs' securities and moneys, and these defalcations constitute the grounds for the action on the bond added by the amended complaint. Both pleadings are thus based on the same general set of facts, and the existence of a bond for the faithful performance of Pacific's duties as a broker was also...