Gastineau v. Murphy
Decision Date | 08 June 1998 |
Docket Number | No. 24800.,24800. |
Citation | 331 S.C. 565,503 S.E.2d 712 |
Parties | James E. GASTINEAU, Respondent, v. Leigh MURPHY, Individually, and as Executive Director of the Beaufort County Mental Retardation Board, the Beaufort County Mental Retardation Board, Beaufort County Council, the State Department of Mental Retardation, Defendants, Of whom the Beaufort County Mental Retardation Board is Petitioner. |
Court | South Carolina Supreme Court |
Charles E. Carpenter, Jr., and Deborah Harrison Sheffield, of Richardson, Plowden, Carpenter & Robinson, P.A., Columbia, and James S. Gibson, of Howell, Gibson & Hughes, P.A., Beaufort, for petitioner.
V.M. Manning Smith, of Moss & Kuhn, P.A., Beaufort, for respondent.
We granted certiorari to review the Court of Appeals' opinion in Gastineau v. Murphy, 323 S.C. 168, 473 S.E.2d 819 (Ct.App.1996). This is a Whistleblower action in which the Court of Appeals affirmed the jury's verdict for respondent, James Gastineau (Gastineau), finding he had been dismissed from his job in retaliation for reporting his employer's illegal conduct. We reverse.
In 1988, the General Assembly enacted the South Carolina Whistleblower Act to protect public employees from retaliation for reporting violations of law by public bodies or their officials. Act No. 354, 1988 S.C.Acts 2648 (codified at S.C.Code Ann. §§ 8-27-10 to -50 (Supp.1989)) (amended 1993). At the time Gastineau's claim arose, the Act created a rebuttable presumption of retaliatory discharge if an employee was terminated within one year of reporting any violation or wrongdoing. S.C.Code Ann. § 8-27-30 (Supp.1989) (amended 1993).1 An employer could rebut this presumption by showing the employee was discharged for reasons other than whistleblowing. S.C.Code Ann. § 8-27-40 (Supp.1989) (amended 1993); Gamble v. City of Manning, 304 S.C. 536, 537, 405 S.E.2d 829, 829 (1991).
In this case, Gastineau showed he was fired within one year of reporting conduct which he believed was illegal. Petitioner, the Beaufort County Department of Mental Retardation Board (Board), then offered evidence showing Gastineau was fired for poor job performance. Furthermore, petitioner offered evidence showing Gastineau could not have been fired in retaliation for making a report because Gastineau's supervisor was unaware of Gastineau's report when she fired him. After the jury returned a verdict for Gastineau, Board moved for judgment non obstante veredicto (JNOV). The trial judge refused to grant Board's motion, and the Court of Appeals affirmed his decision.
Did the Court of Appeals err in denying Gastineau's motion for JNOV?
A motion for JNOV may be granted only if no reasonable jury could have reached the challenged verdict. Crossley v. State Farm Mutual Auto. Ins. Co., 307 S.C. 354, 357, 415 S.E.2d 393, 395 (1992). In deciding a motion for JNOV, the evidence and all reasonable inferences must be viewed in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party; if more than one inference can be drawn, the case must be submitted to the jury. Id.
The evidence viewed in the light most favorable to Gastineau shows he was hired by the Board as a Qualified Mental Retardation Professional (QMRP) and Residential Director of a facility which housed mentally handicapped individuals. He began working on April 2, 1990, under the supervision of Leigh Murphy, Executive Director of the Board. On July 16, 1990, Gastineau's wife, Christy Gastineau, also began working for the Board; she was hired as a trainer/driver for the Day Program at the Beaufort County Rehabilitation Center, a sheltered work program for the mentally and physically handicapped. Within two weeks of starting her job, Mrs. Gastineau drove several clients to work at a construction site owned by Murphy's husband. After seeing the site and asking questions concerning the clients' wages, Mrs. Gastineau became concerned the clients were working in unsafe conditions and being underpaid. She voiced these concerns to her husband. She also confided in her superiors, Barbara Greenberg and Susan Muckenfuss. According to Mrs. Gastineau, Muckenfuss told Greenberg that "this is something we need to talk to [Murphy] about."
Two or three weeks later, Gastineau reported Murphy's husband's possible wage violations to Alice Shook, who worked for the South Carolina Department of Mental Retardation (SCDMR). Shook repeated Gastineau's concerns to her immediate supervisor, Wilson Inabinet, and his supervisor, Brant Coyle. Inabinet and Coyle consequently decided to send a staff member from SCDMR to review the Day Program in Beaufort. Gary Hudson, who annually inspected programs licensed by SCDMR and had already performed his annual inspection of Beaufort's program, was sent back to Beaufort to perform a follow-up visit.
On October 31, 1990, Murphy discharged Gastineau from his position as a QMRP. Gastineau subsequently brought this suit alleging he was discharged in retaliation for whistleblowing. According to Gastineau, he was fired because he reported Murphy's husband to SCDMR for improperly paying clients of his facility.
No reasonable jury could have concluded from the evidence introduced at trial that Gastineau was fired in retaliation for reporting conduct which he believed to be illegal. First, the evidence viewed in the light most favorable to Gastineau does not support a finding that Murphy was even aware of Gastineau's report at the time she discharged him. No direct evidence was introduced; in fact, Murphy testified she did not learn about Gastineau's report until November of 1990. Furthermore, the circumstantial evidence surrounding Gastineau's report is insufficient to find Murphy was aware of the report.2 According to the Gastineaus, they informed three people of their suspicions; Gastineau introduced no evidence that any of these three discussed the Gastineaus' concerns with Murphy.3 One of these three did convey Gastineau's concerns to two other people, but these two were not called to testify, and no evidence showed they informed Murphy of Gastineau's report.
The Court of Appeals held the jury may have inferred that Murphy learned about Gastineau's report during Gary Hudson's review. 473 S.E.2d at 824. We disagree.
The jury could not have reasonably inferred Murphy learned of Gastineau's report from the circumstances of Hudson's inspection. Hudson died prior to trial and therefore did not testify. Alice Shook testified that Hudson, who annually inspected programs licensed by SCDMR and had already performed his annual inspection of this program, was sent to perform a follow-up visit. Shook did not know what instructions Hudson was given because she was not present when he was told to go to Beaufort. Shook testified this type of follow-up visit was not unusual. According to Shook, the inspector does not notify the program of the impending inspection and does not tell the program the purpose of the visit. She also testified this type of visit would normally lead to a written report, and although she searched for a report, she did not find one.
Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to Gastineau, the circumstances under which other inspections were performed do not lead with reasonable certainty to the conclusion that Hudson would have told anybody he was there because of Gastineau's report. The evidence does not even conclusively show that Hudson himself knew he was sent to Beaufort because of Gastineau's report. The only evidence in the record is that Hudson would not have revealed the reason for his visit, and that his visit was not out of the ordinary.
Moreover, to rebut the presumption of retaliation created by the Whistleblower Act, Board produced overwhelming evidence showing Gastineau was discharged for failing to fulfill the responsibilities of his job. At trial, evaluations of Gastineau's job performance after three months and six months were admitted into evidence. Although Gastineau showed improvement in some areas during the time between these two evaluations, the six-month evaluation showed an overall decline in Gastineau's performance, notably in areas such as quality of work, judgment, planning, organizing, staffing, and policy implementation. The notes taken by his supervisor Murphy show Gastineau made frequent financial and payroll errors and often needed to be reminded of deadlines. The notes also indicate Gastineau was not fulfilling his responsibility of ensuring compliance with licensing regulations set out by the Department of Health and Environmental Control (DHEC).4
Gastineau admitted he was struggling with his job due to the amount of paperwork involved. One of Gastineau's witnesses also confirmed Gastineau did not get his clerical work done.
Shortly after his six-month evaluation, Murphy gave Gastineau a written warning which showed he was not improving despite being counseled.5 The warning noted and Gastineau admitted he took two staff members on a trip to Walterboro despite being "advised" by Murphy not to do so. The warning informed Gastineau he could be discharged for another offense.
Gastineau's termination letter notes he was instructed to review existing policies and make recommendations for changes, which he admitted he failed to do. Gastineau also admitted he failed to hold team meetings as required by...
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