Gattman v. Favro

• Jurisdiction: Oregon
• Parties: Ronald GATTMAN, Appellant, v. Neil FAVRO; Buzzard's Roost Tavern, Inc., an Oregon corporation; and Charles Tibbett, doing business under the assumed business name the Sanctuary Tavern, Defendants, Borrelli Enterprises, Inc., a foreign corporation, Respondent. A8309-05921; CA A37387.
• Citation: 86 Or.App. 227,739 P.2d 572
• Court: Oregon Court of Appeals
• Decision Date: 29 September 1987

Page 572

739 P.2d 572

86 Or.App. 227

Ronald GATTMAN, Appellant, v. Neil FAVRO; Buzzard's Roost Tavern, Inc., an Oregon corporation; and Charles Tibbett, doing business under the assumed business name the Sanctuary Tavern, Defendants Borrelli Enterprises, Inc., a foreign corporation, Respondent.

A8309-05921; CA A37387.

Court of Appeals of Oregon.

Argued and Submitted Sept. 15, 1986.

Decided July 8, 1987.

Reconsideration Denied Aug. 21, 1987.

Review Allowed Sept. 29, 1987.

Wayne Mackeson, Portland, argued the cause for appellant. With him on the briefs was Des Connall, P.C., Portland.

Peter R. Chamberlain, Portland, argued the cause for respondents. With him on the brief was Bodyfelt, Mount, Stroup & Chamberlain, Portland.

Before JOSEPH, C.J., and NEWMAN and DEITS, JJ.

JOSEPH, Chief Judge.

This action arises from an incident in which defendant Favro allegedly stabbed plaintiff repeatedly without justification. Defendant Borrelli Enterprises, Inc. (Borrelli) owns and operates a tavern in Troutdale, where Favro was allegedly served alcoholic beverages while visibly intoxicated, having come there after drinking at another establishment. He left Borrelli's tavern and rode 14 miles in a car driven by someone else to a bar in Portland. While there, he allegedly tried to kill plaintiff, who seeks damages from Borrelli for the injuries incurred as a result of that attack.

Plaintiff assigns as error the trial court's dismissal of his second and third amended complaints for failure to state claims against Borrelli. He alleged in his second amended complaint that his injuries were caused by the negligence of Borrelli in one or more of these particulars:

"(1) In serving alcoholic beverages to defendant Favro when defendant Favro was visibly intoxicated;

"(2) In serving defendant Favro intoxicating liquors while knowing or having reason to know of the violent propensities of defendant Favro;

"(3) In continuing to serve alcoholic beverages to defendant Favro while knowing or having reason to know of the increased violent propensities of defendant Favro when drinking.

"(4) In admitting defendant Favro to the premises or allowing him to remain upon the licensed premises when defendant Favro is [sic ] visibly intoxicated in violation of ORS 471.410(3) and Oregon Liquor Control Commission administrative regulations.

"(5) In failing to emphasize to its employes the rules and statutes of the state of Oregon which require that they not serve a visibly intoxicated person."

Plaintiff also alleged that, "pursuant to ORS 30.950, Borrelli is liable for all damages" caused by defendant Favro.

After dismissal of the claims against Borrelli, plaintiff again amended his complaint by adding that his injuries

"were foreseeably caused by the negligence of defendant Borrelli Enterprises, Inc., knowing or having reason to know of the increased risk of harm presented to the public by patrons who consume alcohol, particularly those who drink to excess or while visibly intoxicated."

The third amended complaint also alleged the same five specifications of negligence as the second amended complaint, correcting the reference to ORS 471.410(3) to ORS 471.410(1). It also alleged that Borrelli is strictly liable for the injuries which were "directly or proximately caused" by Borrelli, because it "served or provided defendant Favro alcoholic beverages while defendant Favro was visibly intoxicated," in violation of ORS 30.950.

Borrelli again moved against the complaint on the ground that altering the first claim by adding that the injuries were "foreseeably" caused by the negligence of Borrelli did not allege any ultimate facts which, if proved, would permit a jury to find that Favro's conduct was or should have been foreseeable by Borrelli. He also argued that the statutory tort claim failed, because it did not allege that Favro caused reasonably foreseeable harm or legislatively foreseen harm to another. The trial court allowed the motion without explanation.

The liability of a tavern owner for off-premises injuries to a third person caused by an intoxicated person's conduct other than by driving has never been dealt with by Oregon appellate courts. ¹ The Supreme Court recognized, in Chartrand v. Coos Bay Tavern, 298 Or. 689, 695, 696 P.2d 513 (1985), three possible theories on which a plaintiff could proceed against a tavern owner for injuries caused by a patron:

"(1) common law negligence without reference to any statute as recognized in Campbell v. Carpenter, [279 Or. 237, 566 P.2d 893 (1977) ];

"(2) negligence proved as a matter of law by violation of Oregon Liquor Control Act Chapter 471, as recognized in Davis v. Billy's Con-Teena, 284 Or. 351, 587 P2d 75 (1978); and

"(3) statutory tort as recognized in Nearing v. Weaver, 295 Or 702, 670 P2d 137 (1983) * * * based on ORS 30.950."

Plaintiff in this case argues that he adequately pled each of those theories ² as claims against the tavern owner.

We turn first to the statutory tort theory recognized in Nearing v. Weaver, supra. In Chartrand v. Coos Bay Tavern, supra, 298 Or. at 696, 696 P.2d 513, the court explained that the plaintiff could avoid negligence concepts of foreseeability by claiming damages on a statutory tort theory, because the risk and potential harm to the plaintiff in that case had already been foreseen by the lawmakers in enacting ORS 30.950. ³ Defendant argues that the only foreseeability question resolved by the legislature was the same one decided in Campbell v. Carpenter, supra, i.e., that it is reasonably foreseeable that a patron will drive an automobile after leaving a tavern. ⁴ The language of ORS 30.950, however, does not explicitly limit recovery of damages to those caused by drunk drivers. ⁵ Contrary to defendant's assertion, plaintiff does not have to plead as part of this claim that his injuries were reasonably foreseeable. The allegations in the third amended complaint adequately state a statutory tort under ORS 30.950, because they include the assertions that Borrelli served Favro while he was intoxicated, that Favro injured plaintiff and that Borrelli's actions caused the harm to plaintiff.

Plaintiff contends in this court that his negligence per se claim is also under ORS 30.950. On the basis of our reading of the pleadings, we cannot accept that. As the court pointed out in Chartrand v. Coos Bay Tavern, supra, 298 Or. at 695, 696 P.2d 513, negligence can be proved against a tavern owner "as a matter of law by violation of Oregon Liquor Control Act, Chapter 471, as recognized in Davis v. Billy's Con-Teena * * *." Furthermore, the doctrine of negligence per se only applies to cases brought on "a theory of liability for negligence rather than liability grounded in obligations created by statute." Shahtout v. Emco Garbage Co., 298 Or. 598, 601, 695 P.2d 897 (1985). Plaintiff alleged negligence and specified that Borrelli had violated ORS 471.410(1), which provides that "no person shall sell, give or otherwise make available any alcoholic liquor to any person who is visibly intoxicated." If plaintiff has a negligence per se action at all, it is for violation of that statute.

Under the doctrine of negligence per se, the violation of a statute raises a rebuttable presumption of negligence if the violation causes an injury to a member of the class of persons meant to be protected and the injury is of a type which the statute was enacted to prevent. Resser v. Boise Cascade Corporation, 284 Or. 385, 587 P.2d 80 (1978); Torres v. Pacific Power and Light, 84 Or.App. 412, 415, 734 P.2d 364, rev. allowed 303 Or. 534, 738 P.2d 977 (1987). Foreseeability of the risk of harm remains a factual issue in a negligence per se action. Chartrand v. Coos Bay Tavern, supra, 298 Or. at 695, 696 P.2d 513.

Recently, the Supreme Court summarized "the ordinary issues of [common law] negligence liability" ⁶ in Donaca v. Curry Co., 303 Or. 30, 38, 734 P.2d 1339 (1987):

"[W]hether defendant's conduct caused a foreseeable kind of harm to an interest protected against that kind of negligent invasion, and whether the conduct creating the risk of that kind of harm was unreasonable under the circumstances. The existence and magnitude of the risk * * * bear on the foreseeability of harm; the foreseeability and cost of avoiding the risk bear on the reasonableness of defendant's conduct. * * * We do not mean that they must in every case be submitted to a jury; in an extreme case a court can decide that no reasonable factfinder could find the risk foreseeable or defendant's conduct to have fallen below acceptable standards."

The issues of common law negligence parallel the issues in the negligence per se claim; the difference between them is how they are proved. In a negligence per se action, the question of whether the conduct creating the risk of harm was unreasonable is determined by whether the statute was violated. The pleading of a negligence claim or a negligence per se claim, as in this case, differs only in that an allegation of violation of a "government rule" is necessary for the latter.

In Donaca the court reversed a dismissal for failure to state a negligence claim. It reasoned that, on the basis of the complaint alone, a court could not determine that no reasonable trier of fact could find the risk foreseeable. That ruling seems almost to eliminate failure to state a claim as a viable ground for moving against a negligence claim. ⁷ Borrelli is correct in pointing out that the complaint does not state facts which specifically constitute an allegation of foreseeability of the harm, but it does plead foreseeability as such. Assuming that foreseeability needed to be pleaded in any explicit way, but see McEvoy v. Helikson, 277 Or. 781, 562 P.2d 540 (1977); Mezyk v. National Repossessions, 241 Or. 333, 405 P.2d 840 (1965); Becker v. Barbur Blvd. Equipment Rentals, Inc., 81 Or.App. 648, 726 P.2d 967 (1986), modified on other grounds, 84 Or.App. 367, 733...