Gebhard v. State
| Decision Date | 23 October 1985 |
| Docket Number | No. 1-685A153,1-685A153 |
| Citation | 484 N.E.2d 45 |
| Parties | Michael GEBHARD, Defendant-Appellant, v. STATE of Indiana, Plaintiff-Appellee. |
| Court | Indiana Appellate Court |
George C. Barnett, Jr., Barnett & Barnett, Evansville, for defendant-appellant.
Linley E. Pearson, Atty. Gen., Lisa M. Paunicka, Deputy Atty. Gen., Indianapolis, for plaintiff-appellee.
Defendant-appellant, Michael Gebhard, was convicted on December 6, 1984, of disorderly conduct, a Class B misdemeanor, in the Vanderburgh Circuit Court. From a sentence of 180 days, all suspended to probation, and a $200.00 fine plus court costs, he appeals.
We reverse.
This is the second appeal in this case. The Information charging disorderly conduct of which Gebhard was originally convicted was held by us to be too vague to appraise him of the charge against him. Gebhard v. State (1984), Ind.App., 459 N.E.2d 58.
On February 10, 1984, upon remand, the trial court gave the State seven days to file an Amended Information. On February 17, 1984, the State filed an amended disorderly conduct charge. On February 29, 1984, Gebhard filed a Motion for Discharge under Ind. Rules of Procedure, Criminal Rule 4(C). After taking the matter under advisement, the trial court, on March 9, 1984, overruled the motion. On April 9, 1984, Gebhard filed a Motion to Dismiss the Amended Information alleging that the Information failed to state an offense. The trial court overruled the motion on May 21, 1984. After numerous delays and postponements the trial commenced on December 5, 1984. The following day the jury returned a guilty verdict on the disorderly conduct charge. On December 10, 1984, the trial court rendered judgment and sentenced Gebhard to 180 days, all suspended to probation, and fined him $200.00 plus court costs. Gebhard subsequently filed a timely appeal.
Gebhard alleges a number of errors. However, insomuch as we are reversing, we shall only address the issue of whether the Information failed to allege facts which constitute a public offense as raised in Gebhard's brief as Issue B(1).
At the onset we point out that IND. CODE 35-34-1-6 states that an information is defective if it does not conform to the requirements of IND. CODE 35-34-1-2(a). Subsection (4) of 2(a) requires an information to allege the commission of an offense and to set forth the elements thereof. A ground for a motion to dismiss exists when "the facts stated do not constitute an offense." IND. CODE 35-34-1-4(a). Under subsection (b)(2) a motion to dismiss is timely if filed within 10 days before the omnibus date. There is no question here that the motion was timely. The supreme court in Brown v. State (1982), Ind., 442 N.E.2d 1109 held that the failure to timely challenge an information by a motion to dismiss on the basis that it did not charge an offense, waived the issue on appeal. By so holding the court inferentially held that a timely motion to dismiss on that ground preserved the issue on appeal despite a guilty verdict. We therefore hold that the issue is properly before us.
The State's Amended Information charged that:
"[Gebhard] did knowingly engage in tumultuous conduct, to-wit: by walking out into the hallway of the apartment house located at 700 Senate Avenue, in the City of Evansville, County of Vanderburgh, State of Indiana, and displaying a .45 caliber handgun in his hand with the purpose of confronting anyone in the hallway, which conduct was likely to result in serious bodily injury to any person standing in the hallway, all in violation of I.C. 35-45-1-3(1)."
"Disorderly conduct" is statutorily defined as follows:
"A person who recklessly, knowingly, or intentionally:
(1) engages in fighting or in tumultuous conduct;
(2) makes unreasonable noise and continues to do so after being asked to stop;
(3) disrupts a lawful assembly of persons; or
(4) obstructs vehicular or pedestrian traffic;
commits disorderly conduct, a Class B misdemeanor."
"Tumultuous conduct" is statutorily defined as follows:
"[C]onduct that results in, or is likely to result in, serious bodily injury to a person or substantial damage to property."
Webster's Third New International Dictionary, p. 460 (14th ed. 1966) defines "tumultuous" as (1) "marked by tumult: full of commotion and uproar: riotous; stormy; boisterous ..." (2) "tending or disposed to cause or incite a tumult ..." (3) "marked by violent and overwhelming turbulence or upheaval...." "Tumult" is defined as (1a) "disorderly and violent movement, agitation or milling about, of a crowd accompanied usually with great uproar and confusion of voices: commotion, turmoil ..." (1b) "a noisy and turbulent popular uprising: disturbance, riot ..." (2a) "a confusion of loud noise and usually turbulent or agitational movement...."
42A Words and Phrases, p. 460 (1952) defines "tumult" as (Citation omitted.)
90 C.J.S., p. 964 (1955) defines "tumult" and "tumultuous" as:
The operative words describing the conduct proscribed in the disorderly conduct statute, in addition to tumultous conduct, are fighting, noise, disrupts, obstructs. IND. CODE 35-45-1-1 categorizes the offense of "disorderly conduct" under the heading of "Offenses Against Public Order," which also includes "rioting" and "flag desecration."
It is a fundamental rule of construction that a statute should be construed so as to ascertain and give effect to legislative intent. Bowman v. State (1979), Ind.App., 398 N.E.2d 1306. In doing so we look to the whole act, the law in existence before and the motive for making it. Bowman, supra. We must construe it according to its plain meaning. Bowman, supra. Words and phrases shall be taken in their plain, ordinary and usual sense unless a different purpose is manifested by the statute itself. Overlade v. Wills (1955), 234 Ind. 436, 127 N.E.2d 686.
Through the term "tumultuous conduct" has been defined by IND. CODE 35-45-1-1, that definition, in light of the title to the chapter, the operative words used, the purpose of the act and the legal as well as dictionary definitions, does not obviate physical activity on the part of the defendant, but indeed contemplates physical activity on his part rising to the level that either people are seriously injured or property substantially damaged, or that either is likely to occur.
The Information against Gebhard charges "tumultuous conduct" under IND. CODE 35-45-1-3(1). Tumultuous conduct is defined as conduct likely to result in "serious bodily injury to a person or substantial damage to property." IND. CODE 35-45-1-1. The Information charges neither. Further, it does not charge that the pistol was loaded or that Gebhard possessed it illegally. Finally, it fails to charge that any other person was in the hallway or that he threatened or menaced anyone. Stripped to its essence, the Information charges that Gebhard walked into an empty hallway, with an unloaded pistol in hand, with the purpose of "confronting anyone in the hallway." (We assume this means a chance encounter, as no particular individuals are designated.) That act, continues the Information, "was likely to result in serious bodily injury to any person standing in the hallway...."
"Confront" can mean a number of things such as coming face to face with; stand in front of; to face with hostility; oppose defiantly, meet; or encounter. See American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, p. 280 (1978); see also, Websters Third International Dictionary, p. 477 (1967). None of the definitions of "confront" are necessarily synonomous with tumultuous conduct that results in or likely to result in "serious injury"....
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