George v. State

Citation240 Ala. 632,200 So. 602
Decision Date27 February 1941
Docket Number6 Div. 605.
PartiesGEORGE v. STATE.
CourtAlabama Supreme Court

Appeal from Circuit Court, Tuscaloosa County; Verdo Elmore, Special Judge.

Arthur T. George was convicted of murder in the first degree and he appeals.

Reversed and remanded.

Reuben H. Wright and Ward W. McFarland, both of Tuscaloosa, for appellant.

Thos S. Lawson, Atty. Gen., and Jas. F. Matthews, Asst. Atty Gen., for the State.

LIVINGSTON Justice.

The appellant, Arthur T. George, indicted and tried for the murder of his wife, Lela George, was convicted of murder in the first degree and sentenced to the penitentiary for life. The defendant pleaded "not guilty" and "not guilty by reason of insanity." He offered no evidence to disprove the fact that he killed his wife.

The evidence for the State tended to show that defendant killed his wife on July 27, 1938, in Tuscaloosa County, Alabama, by shooting her with a twenty-two rifle. The killing took place about 7:30 in the evening, while the wife was standing on the front porch of her mother's home with one Jim Green. The defendant was standing on the ground some five or six feet from the porch when he fired the fatal shot. Only one shot was fired. The bullet entered the body of Mrs. George under the right shoulder blade and came out on the left side of her chest. It also struck the hat worn by Jim Green, leaving a mark on the under side of the brim. Jim Green ran immediately after the shot was fired. Mrs. George died shortly after being shot.

Witnesses for the State testified that the defendant, when arrested admitted firing the shot that killed his wife, and also admitted telling his wife shortly before the killing that if she would not live with him she could not live with anybody else.

The testimony for the defendant tended to show that he was about twenty-nine years of age and uneducated. That he could neither read nor write. That defendant and his wife had two small sons of the ages of four and seven years. That he and she had been living separate and apart for two or three weeks at the time she was killed; that they had separated for short intervals on other occasions.

Several witnesses testified that during the two or three weeks next preceding the killing, defendant's wife was frequently seen in the company of State's witness Jim Green. Others testified that numerous times she went to the place where Jim Green worked, a sawmill, and met him as he got off from work, and they went off together through the woods toward Mrs. George's home. They were seen together at a ball game, at a party, at church from which they left together before services were over. They were seen going into the woods together and coming out of the woods on several occasions, all of which was known to defendant. That on the day Mrs. George was killed she had been with Jim Green at her mother's home from around 3:30 in the afternoon until the time she was killed.

The defendant testified, in part, as follows: "I walked over there (home of Mrs. George's mother, Mrs. Newell) and I carried my gun with me and set it in the stall of the barn so that I would have it to go back with that night. The barn where I left the gun was around a one hundred yards from the house. I went around in front of the house, and when I got around in front of the house, I seen my wife and Jim Green standing there on the porch, and he had his left arm around her waist, and he had his right arm down between him and her; it was kind of dark, not much, you could see good enough to tell it was him and her; there was nobody else on the porch besides Jim Green and my wife; they were the onliest ones there; I said he had his left arm around her waist; I did not have my gun then; I turned and went back to the barn and got my gun, and walked back up there to the porch on the front side of the house, and they were still on the front porch, still standing where they were before when I went there the first time, and I said, 'what are you doing there?' I was in the yard and I did not go up on the porch. I figure I was five or six feet from the front porch and somewhere around four feet from the steps; when I said that he still had his left arm around her waist, and when I said what are you doing there, he threw his hand on his hip pocket to get his gun and that throwed her around between him and me, and I shot, I was shooting at Jim Green, and I shot only one time with that rifle."

We deem the foregoing recitals a sufficient statement of the salient facts of the case.

In as much as this cause must be reversed and remanded, we will discuss only those objections, exceptions and assignments of error necessitating a reversal, together with those likely to arise on another trial.

We deem it proper to state the rules of law applicable to the admissibility and relevancy of evidence tending to prove or disprove insanity of defendant, and the form of questions to elicit such evidence.

In this State on the question of insanity vel non, witnesses, whether expert or non-expert, may express their opinion as to the sanity or insanity of defendant on trial for crime. Ford v. State, 71 Ala. 385; Burney v. Torrey, 100 Ala. 157, 14 So. 685, 46 Am.St.Rep. 33; Norris v. State, 16 Ala. 776; Caddell v. State, 129 Ala. 57, 65, 30 So. 76; Fountain v. Brown, 38 Ala. 72; Powell v. State, 25 Ala. 21; Moore v. Spier, 80 Ala. 129; Florey's Ex'rs v. Florey, 24 Ala. 241; Gunter v. State, 83 Ala. 96, 3 So. 600; Page v. State, 61 Ala. 16; Parrish v. State, 139 Ala. 16, 36 So. 1012.

Whether expert or non-expert, the witness must first be shown to be competent or qualified to give an opinion as to the sanity or insanity of the party inquired of. This question of competency or qualification of the witness is one for the court, and not for the jury, and its determination will not be revised unless it clearly appears to have been erroneous. People v. McCarthy, 115 Cal. 255, 46 P. 1073; note on page 733 of 38 L.R.A.; Parrish v. State, supra. An expert witness may give an opinion as to the sanity or insanity of an individual, based solely upon an hypothetical question, without personal knowledge of or acquaintance with the individual inquired of. Gunter v. State, 83 Ala. 96, 3 So. 600; Burt v. State, 38 Tex.Cr.R. 397, 40 S.W. 1000, 43 S.W. 344, 39 L.R.A. 305, 330, and note; Parrish v. State, 139 Ala. 16, 36 So. 1012.

A non-expert witness cannot give an opinion as to the sanity or insanity of the individual inquired of based in whole or in part upon an abstract hypothetical question, but must base his opinion solely upon his own personal knowledge, observation, acquaintance, experience, etc., with the individual inquired of. Roberts v. Trawick, 13 Ala. 68; Burney v. Torrey, 100 Ala. 157, 14 So. 685, 46 Am.St.Rep. 33; Bowling v. Bowling, 8 Ala. 358; Parrish v. State, supra. Non-expert witnesses, to give an opinion as to insanity of a party, must first state the facts claimed to show or indicate an abnormal condition of the mind; but such witnesses may give an opinion that the person inquired of was sane by first denying generally the existence of any facts showing an abnormal or unnatural state of mind, and without specifying any of such facts. Caddell v. State, 129 Ala. 57, 65, 30 So. 76; Dominick v. Randolph, 124 Ala. 557, 27 So. 481; Parsons v. State, 81 Ala. 577, 2 So. 854, 60 Am.Rep. 193; Parrish v. State, supra.

The hypothetical question propounded to an expert witness should embrace substantially all the facts where there is no dispute as to the facts upon the question of insanity. Parrish v. State, supra. If the evidence is in conflict as to the facts tending to show insanity, the hypothetical question may and should properly embrace only the facts tending to support the particular theory of the respective parties, and the opposite party, if desirable on cross-examination, may propound questions to him embracing the facts which tend to support his theory. Parrish v. State, supra. The hypothetical question to an expert witness should not contain matter unsupported by a tendency of the evidence. However, in this regard, technical accuracy is not required. It is for the jury to scrutinize the evidence and to determine what part of the question is true or supported by the evidence and what is not, and the adverse party may ask for instructions, that the jury do not accept the facts as true, but that they should determine what facts are in evidence, and that they might disregard the opinion of the expert if not based on facts in evidence. Parrish v. State, supra.

Expert witnesses may be cross-examined and their opinion obtained based on other states of facts assumed by the party examining them to have been proved upon a hypothetical case; and they may be cross-examined on purely imaginary and abstract questions. Such questions are not only permissible in order to get the opinion of the expert witness upon all possible theories of the case, but they are allowable to test the value and accuracy of the opinion of the witness himself. Clark v. State, 12 Ohio 483, 40 Am.Dec. 481; People v. Sutton, 73 Cal. 243, 15 P. 86; Parrish v. State, supra.

The opinion of expert witnesses as to insanity are not conclusive upon the jury; they are to be weighed like other evidence, such evidence being intended to aid the jury, and its value depending largely upon the intelligence, experience, honesty and impartiality of the witness. The jury may reject it all, though it is without conflict. McAllister v. State, 17 Ala. 434, 52 Am.Dec. 180; Parrish v. State, 139 Ala. 16, 36 So. 1012.

Evidence to show insanity is not confined to evidence of the mental condition of the accused at the instant of ...

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