Gertz v. Robert Welch, Inc.
Decision Date | 08 December 1970 |
Docket Number | No. 69 C 1288.,69 C 1288. |
Citation | 322 F. Supp. 997 |
Parties | Elmer GERTZ, Plaintiff, v. ROBERT WELCH, INC., Defendant. |
Court | U.S. District Court — Northern District of Illinois |
Wayne B. Giampietro, Chicago, Ill., for plaintiff.
James A. Boyle, Jr., Chicago, Ill., for defendant.
In this motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict, or in the alternative, for a new trial, defendant Robert Welch, Inc. seeks to reverse the verdict of a jury which found him responsible for the libel per se1 of plaintiff Elmer Gertz. Damages of $50,000 were awarded.
The libel was published as the lead article in the defendant's monthly magazine American Opinion under the title "Frame-Up" with a sub-title "Richard Nuccio and the War on Police". Reprints of the article were made available immediately and were widely circulated. Nuccio was a Chicago policeman who was charged with the murder of Ronald Nelson, and the article dealt with Nuccio's murder trial and subsequent conviction. Gertz, an attorney, had been retained by the Nelson family. He represented them at the deceased's inquest, and he filed suit in their behalf in federal court. At page 12 of the 19 page article Gertz is labeled a "Leninist * * * who now turns up as lawyer for the Nelsons," and at page 17 he is described as a "Communist fronter".
One of the principal defenses at trial, and the basis for this motion, was that Gertz was a "public official" within the meaning of New York Times Co. v. Sullivan, 376 U.S. 254, 279-280, 84 S.Ct. 710, 11 L.Ed.2d 686 (1964), or more properly, that he was a "public figure" within the meaning of Curtis Publishing Co. v. Butts, 388 U.S. 130, 153-155, 87 S.Ct. 1975, 18 L.Ed.2d 1094 (1967), thus precluding a recovery of damages for a defamatory falsehood unless actual malice is shown. In denying cross motions for summary judgment, the court refused to hold as a matter of law that defendant had published with actual malice. Memorandum Opinion of September 16, 1970. Instead, factual issues raised in the affidavits required that the matter be submitted to a jury. F. R.Civ.P. 56(c).
At trial, Gertz testified as to his stature and reputation in the community. He is a prominent attorney in Chicago, having represented clients who sometimes command a wide following in the press and media. He has written books, articles and reviews which have enjoyed wide circulation. He has appeared frequently on radio and television, and has delivered numerous speeches. And he has long been involved in civic affairs.
Despite the above, the court held, in effect, that Gertz was not a public figure. In instructing the jury, the court determined that the publication in question was libelous per se. All issues were withdrawn from the jury except the proper measure of damages.
A closer examination of the article shows that its theme was more general and far reaching than just the trial of one Chicago policeman for murder. Instead, it painted the picture of a conspiratorial war being waged by the Communists against the police in general.2 Caught up in the web of the alleged conspiracy, aside from Gertz, was such a disparate cast of characters as the Lake View Citizens Council, the Walker Report, a Roman Catholic priest, and the Chicago Seed (an underground newspaper). In fact, although Gertz's picture was displayed in the body of the article, he did not play a very prominent role in the article's exposé of the purported war on police.
At trial, Scott Stanley, Jr., the Managing Editor of American Opinion, testified that he had commissioned Alan Stang, a free-lance writer, to write the article. Stang had written for defendant in the past, and Stanley had always found him accurate. Stanley had never had cause to question the contents of any article that Stang had written, and to his knowledge there had not been any lawsuits arising out of Stang's articles. Relying on what he observed to be Stang's past history of accuracy, Stanley did not check the accuracy of "Frame-Up" personally.3 While it may be that the failure to check the accuracy of the article was negligent, Stanley clearly did not act with actual malice or with reckless disregard for the truth. See New York Times Co. v. Sullivan, 376 U.S. at 287-288, 84 S.Ct. 710, 11 L.Ed.2d 686.
Plaintiff having failed to establish actual malice on the part of defendant, the issue presented in this motion is whether the court properly concluded that Gertz was not a public figure. If the conclusion was proper, then the award of $50,000 by the jury was not constitutionally impermissible. However, if the court erred in holding that Gertz was not a public figure, then under the rule in New York Times Co. v. Sullivan, supra at 279-280, 84 S.Ct. 710, 11 L.Ed.2d 686, and Curtis Publishing Co. v. Butts, supra, 388 U.S. at 155, 87 S.Ct. 1975, 18 L.Ed.2d 1094, the article would be privileged under the First and Fourteenth Amendments, and the award of damages therefor would have been improper.
The issue is not as simple, of course, as the question of whether Gertz is a public figure. The penumbra of material protected by the guarantee of freedom of speech has been extended to include matters of public interest, whether or not public officials or public figures are involved.
Time, Inc. v. Hill, 385 U.S. 374, 388, 87 S.Ct. 534, 542, 17 L.Ed.2d 456 (1967).
The rationale for affording First Amendment protection to matters of public interest, as implied by Hill, supra, is that our system of government places great value on society's open discussion of not only public officials (Sullivan) and public figures (Butts), but also matters of public interest (Hill). A person allegedly defamed by matter pertaining to the public interest must satisfy a heavy burden, i. e. a showing of actual malice, in order to recover therefor. The rationale of Time, Inc. v. Hill has been applied to several decisions of the Courts of Appeal recently, all of which extend the guarantee of free speech to matters of public interest.
For instance, a private individual's arrest for the sale of allegedly obscene material has been held to be a matter of public interest. Rosenbloom v. Metromedia, Inc., 415 F.2d 892, 894-896 (3d Cir. 1969), cert. granted, 397 U.S. 904, 90 S.Ct. 917, 25 L.Ed.2d 85 (1970). A picture of a lawyer eating lunch with reputed gangsters has been found to be of public interest. Wasserman v. Time, Inc., 424 F.2d 920, 922 (D.C.Cir.1970), cert. denied, 398...
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