Gilbert v. Peters

• Decision Date: 08 May 1995
• Docket Number: 94-2848,Nos. 94-2847,s. 94-2847
• Citation: 55 F.3d 237
• Parties: John GILBERT and Leroy Pughsley, Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. Howard A. PETERS III, Odie Washington, John Zeund, et al., Defendants-Appellees.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Seventh Circuit

Page 237

55 F.3d 237

John GILBERT and Leroy Pughsley, Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. Howard A. PETERS III, Odie Washington, John Zeund, et al.,

Defendants-Appellees.

Nos. 94-2847, 94-2848.

United States Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit.

Argued March 29, 1995.

Decided May 8, 1995.

John H. Vogt (argued), Beckmire, Garrity & Vogt, Freeport, IL, for plaintiffs-appellants.

Jan E. Hughes, Asst. Atty. Gen. (argued), Office of the Atty. Gen., Civ. Appeals Div. and David S. Rodriguez, Office of the Atty. Gen., Chicago, IL, for defendants-appellees.

Before CUMMINGS and KANNE, Circuit Judges, and WALTER, District Judge. ^*

CUMMINGS, Circuit Judge.

Plaintiffs, two individuals serving time for sexual offenses in the Illinois prison system, filed 42 U.S.C. Sec. 1983 challenges to Section 5-4-3 of the Illinois Unified Code of Corrections. This statute, which took effect in July 1990, requires all persons incarcerated for sexual offenses to submit blood specimens to the Illinois Department of State Police prior to final discharge, parole, or release. 730 ILCS 5/5-4-3(c). Plaintiffs complain that the statute violated a number of their constitutional rights; on appeal we consider only one claim, that the statute violates the Ex Post Facto Clause.

BACKGROUND

The Illinois statute at issue provides in relevant part that any person "convicted of a sexual offense * * * before the effective date of this * * * Act * * * [who] is presently confined as a result of such conviction" must provide a blood specimen to the Illinois Department of State Police. 730 ILCS 5/5-4-3(a)(3). The statute subsequently prescribes that individuals covered by subsection (a)(3) are "required to provide such samples prior to final discharge, parole, or release * * *." 730 ILCS 5/5-4-3(c). Blood samples are to be sent to the state police for analysis and categorization into genetic marker groupings, which will then be made available to law enforcement officers. 730 ILCS 5/5-4-3(d), (f).

Pursuant to this statute, officials at the Dixon Correctional Center required plaintiffs Gilbert and Pughsley to provide blood samples. Gilbert, who was convicted of rape and sexual assault in 1981, acquiesced after being threatened with loss of his good time credits and other disciplinary sanctions if he refused to comply. ¹ Pughsley, who was also incarcerated in 1981 for attempted rape, refused to provide a blood sample upon request. Both men separately filed suit, charging state and federal law violations of privacy, search and seizure, and equal protection. The district court consolidated the two cases and dismissed them with prejudice. Mem.Op. June 28, 1994, reprinted in Pl.Br.App. In bringing this appeal, plaintiffs challenge only the district court's determination that the statute does not violate the Ex Post Facto Clause of the United States Constitution, Art. I, Sec. 10, which prohibits states from "retroactively alter[ing] the definition of crimes or increas[ing] the punishment for criminal acts." Collins v. Youngblood, 497 U.S. 37, 43, 110 S.Ct. 2715, 2719, 111 L.Ed.2d 30.

ANALYSIS

As Collins and subsequent cases make clear, the Ex Post Facto Clause does not prohibit every alteration in a prisoner's confinement that may work to his disadvantage. See Ewell v. Murray, 11 F.3d 482, 485 (4th Cir.1993) ("[r]easonable prison regulations are not frozen at the time of each inmate's conduct, but rather, they may be subject to reasonable amendments"), certiorari denied, --- U.S. ----, 114 S.Ct. 2112, 128 L.Ed.2d 671. Only measures which are both retroactive and punitive fall within the purview of the clause. Collins, 497 U.S. at 51, 110 S.Ct. at 2723-24.

Initially, we examine whether the DNA statute may fairly be considered punitive. Although "criteria for determining whether or not legislation is punitive have yet to be fully developed," People v. McVickers, 4 Cal.4th 81, 13 Cal.Rptr.2d 850, 852, 840 P.2d 955, 957 (1992), one significant factor for consideration is the legislation's purpose. Trop v. Dulles, 356 U.S. 86, 96, 78 S.Ct. 590, 595-96, 2 L.Ed.2d 630, quoted in McVickers, 13 Cal.Rptr.2d at 853, 840 P.2d at 958. Both federal and state courts have uniformly concluded that statutes which authorize collection of blood specimens to assist in law enforcement are not penal in nature. Rather, "the blood sample is taken and analyzed for the sole purpose of establishing a data bank which will aid future law enforcement." Jones v. Murray, 962 F.2d 302, 309 (4th Cir.1992) (interpreting similar statute), certiorari denied, --- U.S. ----, 113 S.Ct. 472, 121 L.Ed.2d 378; see also Kruger v. Erickson, 875 F.Supp. 583, 589 (D.Minn.1995) (interpreting a similar statute as "not penal in nature. Its purpose is to create a DNA database for law enforcement purposes"); McVickers, 13 Cal.Rptr.2d at 854, 840 P.2d at 959 (blood collection statute has legitimate, non-penal legislative purpose). The blood specimen statute thus does not run afoul of the Ex Post Facto Clause.

Plaintiffs contend that regardless of whether blood sample collection is itself an acceptable retroactive practice, the Illinois statute is unconstitutional because it creates the danger that inmates will be punished for refusing to comply. Section 5/5-4-3(i) authorizes court orders for non-compliant individuals and provides that violators will be held in contempt of court;...