Giles v. Gardner

• Decision Date: 24 June 1971
• Citation: 287 Ala. 166,249 So.2d 824
• Parties: Larry H. GILES v. William Franklin GARDNER. 1. Div. 671.
• Court: Alabama Supreme Court

Page 824

249 So.2d 824

287 Ala. 166

Larry H. GILES v. William Franklin GARDNER.

1. Div. 671.

Supreme Court of Alabama.

June 24, 1971.

Walter M. Cook and James B. Kierce, Jr., Mobile, for appellant.

Chason, Stone & Chason, Bay Minette, for appellee.

MERRILL, Justice.

This is an appeal from a verdict and judgment for the plaintiff-appellee in the amount of $31,000.00 against the defendant-appellant on a two-count complaint filed as a result of an intersecton collision between the plaintiff's pickup truck and the defendant's car. One count charged negligence and the second charged wantonness. The plaintiff's wanton count was charged out by the trial court. The defendant filed pleas of the general issue, contributory negligence and recoupment. After verdict and judgment, a motion for a new trial was overruled.

Appellant's first assignment of error is the refusal of the trial court to grant the defendant's requested affirmative charge with hypothesis. Most of the evidence is undisputed.

The plaintiff, an adult, was traveling west and the defendant, a nineteen-year-old boy, was going south when they collided at an intersection of two dirt roads, which intersected at right angles. There were no traffic control devices. Neither driver could see a vehicle on the other road until they actually entered the intersection. There was no evidence that either driver stopped before entering the intersection. Based on skid marks left before the impact, the speed of the defendant's car prior to the collision was estimated by a State Trooper as 50 to 60 miles per hour. The trooper also estimated the speed of the plaintiff's pickup truck to be about 30 miles per hour. At one point in the trial, the plaintiff testified that his speed was 35 miles per hour prior to entering the intersection. The plaintiff did not see the defendant's car until immediately before impact. The defendant did not testify.

It is the appellant's contention that the violation of the right-of-way rule contained in Tit. 36, § 18(a), Code 1940, as amended, established contributory negligence of the plaintiff as a matter of law, which was the proximate cause of the collision. The right-of-way rule is as follows:

' § 18(a). When two vehicles approach or enter an intersection at approximately the same time, the driver of the vehicle on the left shall yield the right of way to the vehicle on the right * * *.'

Generally speaking, proximate cause is a jury question. McCaleb v. Reed, 225 Ala. 564, 144 So. 28; Allman v. Beam, 272 Ala. 110, 130 So.2d 194; and it is only when the facts are such that reasonable men must draw the same conclusion that the question of proximate cause is one of law for the courts. Morgan v. City of Tuscaloosa, 268 Ala. 493, 108 So.2d 342; Louisville & N.R. Co. v. Courson, 234 Ala. 273, 174 So. 474.

In reviewing a trial court's refusal to grant the defendant's affirmative charge, the appellate court must consider the tendencies of the evidence in the light most favorable to the plaintiff. Smith v. Lawson, 264 Ala. 389, 88 So.2d 322; Alabama Power Company v. Scholz, 283 Ala. 232, 215 So.2d 447.

In the instant case, we think that a jury would be authorized to find that the proximate cause of the accident was the excessive speed a which the defendant entered the intersection rather than to find that the failure of the plaintiff to yield the right-of-way was a proximate cause of the accident. In Moore v. Cruit, 238 Ala. 414, 191 So. 252, where the defendant contended that the plaintiff could not recover because he did not yield the right-of-way under the statute, the court said:

'* * * if the rule of the road as to the approach of vehicles to an intersection, which gives the right of way to the one on the right is conceded to be here applicable * * * yet that would not suffice to exonerate defendant of all negligence in running the bus into the center of the Atmore highway at a 'blind' intersection, * * *.' Upon all the evidence, the question of negligence as to each was for the jury's consideration.

'And it is too clear for discussion that it cannot be said the proof shows that any negligence of the driver of the car (in which the plaintiff was riding) was the sole proximate cause * * *.'

See also, Triplett v. Daniel, 255 Ala. 566, 52 So.2d 184, where it was said that if 'under the undisputed proof in the case there is a violation of § 17, Title 36, Code of 1940 (plaintiff failed to give proper sign), then such violation constitutes negligence on the part of the plaintiff as a matter of law but it would still remain a question for the jury as to whether violation of the statute proximately contributed to her injury.'

We hold that the trial court did not err in refusing to give defendant's requested affirmative charge.

Assignment of error two is predicated on the trial court's overruling of the defendant's objection to admitting into evidence the defendant's lack of a driver's license. The only witness presented in behalf of the defendant was the defendant's mother, who had given her son permission to use the car on the day the accident occurred. On cross examination, counsel for plaintiff asked, 'You knew that he didn't have a driver's license, didn't you?' Then, without a ruling on the objection, the trial court asked, 'did he have a driver's license?' There was further objection and the trial court overruled the objection and the witness answered, 'No.'

Before such evidence is admissible there must be established a causal connection between the failure to have a license and the injuries received in the accident. Lindsey v. Barton, 260 Ala. 419, 70 So.2d 633. In Chattahochee Valley Railway Company v. Williams, 267 Ala. 464, 103 So.2d 762, proof of revocation of a driver's license was held inadmissible absent a showing of a causal connection between such revocation and the injuries received from the accident. The existence or non-existence of a driver's license does not establish the competency or incompetency of a driver. Commercial Union Ins. Co. of N.Y. v. Security Gen. Ins. Co., 282 Ala. 344, 211 So.2d 477. In the instant case, no such causal connection is shown. Furthermore, we are of the opinion that the admission into evidence of the failure of the defendant to possess a driver's license was prejudicial error which requires a reversal. See Madison v. State, 40 Ala.App. 62, 109 So.2d 749, cert. denied 268 Ala. 699, 109 So.2d 755, holding that reversible error was committed in admitting evidence of the revocation of the defendant's driver's license in a case where defendant was convicted of manslaughter; and see also, Stanford v. State, 40 Ala.App. 220, 110 So.2d 641, holding that reversible error was committed in allowing testimony that the defendant had no driver's license. That case was a criminal prosecution for leaving the scene of an accident. Although the instant case is civil, we think that the evidence admitted was prejudicial error necessitating a reversal of the judgment.

In assignment of error three, the appellant argues that reversible error was committed when the trial court permitted a State Trooper to give his opinion as to the speed of the defendant's car prior to the collision. The basis of the appellant's contention is two-fold. One, the trooper did not know the exact distance of skid marks made by the defendant's car and, two, that since the skid marks were made on a dirt road, the trooper was not rendering an expert opinion but merely 'speculating or conjecturing.' The trooper testified that the skid marks he found leading up to debris in the intersection were 'something like 50 to 75 feet.' On cross examination, the trooper estimated that the skid marks 'might have been 100 feet.' He did not know the exact footage. The witness also testified that he found the road torn up, apparently from a point in the intersection and leading out to where the two vehicles rested. Based on the above information, the trooper was...