Gonzales v. Union Carbide Corp.

• Decision Date: 20 December 1983
• Docket Number: No. H 78-409.,H 78-409.
• Parties: Yvonne Elaine GONZALES, as Administratrix of the Estate of Arthur Joseph Gonzales, Deceased, Plaintiff, v. UNION CARBIDE CORPORATION, Defendant.
• Court: U.S. District Court — Northern District of Indiana

580 F. Supp. 249

Yvonne Elaine GONZALES, as Administratrix of the Estate of Arthur Joseph Gonzales, Deceased, Plaintiff, v. UNION CARBIDE CORPORATION, Defendant.

No. H 78-409.

United States District Court, N.D. Indiana, Hammond Division.

December 20, 1983.

Rhett L. Tauber, Merrillville, Ind., Harry A. Wilson, Jr., Indianapolis, Ind., for plaintiff.

Thomas K. Peterson, Chicago, Ill., John T. Mulvihill and Douglas K. Dieterly, South Bend, Ind., for defendant.

ORDER DENYING DEFENDANT'S POSTTRIAL MOTIONS

KANNE, District Judge.

This is a wrongful death case with jurisdiction based on diversity. The matter was tried to a jury. The evidence at trial disclosed that plaintiff's decedent, Arthur J. Gonzales, was employed by McKeown Transportation Company as a truck driver. The trucking company had a contract with the defendant, Union Carbide Corporation, to haul certain flammable and explosive gas products. While Mr. Gonzales was attempting to depart Union Carbide's terminal the hydrogen gas tanker which he was pulling exploded. Mr. Gonzales was killed and at age 28 left a widow and two children.

The jury found that Union Carbide was negligent and liable for the death of Mr. Gonzales. A verdict of $3,000,000 was returned in favor of the administratrix of Mr. Gonzales's estate and against Union Carbide.

Through their initial posttrial "Motion" Union Carbide requested the court to take one (or more) of the following actions:

Vacate the judgment and dismiss the lawsuit, pursuant to Rule 59(e) and/or Rule 60(b)(4), FED.R.CIV.P., for lack of subject matter jurisdiction raised now under Rule 12(h)(3), FED.R.CIV.P. Grant a new trial, pursuant to Rule 59(a), FED.R.CIV.P., because of the existence of undue prejudice and passion.

Grant remittitur or in the alternative a new trial, pursuant to Rule 59(a), FED.R. CIV.P., because the verdict of $3,000,000 was grossly excessive.

Grant a new trial, pursuant to Rule 59(a), FED.R.CIV.P., because of prejudicial error with regard to the court's ruling on admission of evidence.

Union Carbide made a single brief mention of "Rule 50" in its "Motion" but has apparently chosen not to pursue a request for judgment notwithstanding the verdict. Thereafter Union Carbide filed its:

"Memorandum in Support of Defendant's Motion to Dismiss" under Rule 12(b)(1) for lack of subject matter jurisdiction.

Mrs. Gonzales responded to the motions and memoranda and the defendant's posttrial motions are at issue.

Now, after trial and entry of judgment, the issue which Union Carbide most vigorously advances is the alleged lack of this court's subject matter jurisdiction.

This case was initiated in 1978. During the pretrial stage and at trial Union Carbide acknowledged that Mr. Gonzales was not its employee and that this court had jurisdiction. Now for the first time Union Carbide discards its long held position and strongly claims that Mr. Gonzales was a special employee of Union Carbide at the time of his accident by virtue of the application of Indiana's borrowed servant doctrine. Union Carbide goes on to state that since Mr. Gonzales was really its special employee, sole jurisdiction over plaintiff's claims rests with the Indiana Industrial Board pursuant to Indiana Code §§ 22-3-2-6 and 22-3-4-6, and as a result this court is without subject matter jurisdiction in this case.

Union Carbide cites and apparently relies on language in a decision by this court in Beach v. Owens-Corning Fiberglass Corp., 542 F.Supp. 1328 (N.D.Ind.1982). The issue in Beach concerned Indiana's borrowed servant doctrine and whether as a matter of law the undisputed facts in the case rendered the plaintiff a special employee of the defendant. On defendant's motion for summary judgment the court found plaintiff to be a special employee of the defendant and stated:

Therefore, plaintiff's claims against Owens-Corning properly come under the provisions of Indiana's Workmen's Compensation Act and this court is without jurisdiction over those claims emphasis added.

Id. at 1331.

To the extent Beach could be read to stand for the proposition that Indiana's workmen's compensation laws can divest federal courts of diversity jurisdiction granted by Congress, Beach is incorrect. It is this court's view that the correct result was reached in Beach. In that case this court granted defendant summary judgment because it found that plaintiff was a special employee of defendant and by virtue of this status plaintiff's sole remedy for his injuries rested with the Industrial Dispute Board under Indiana's Workmen's Compensation Act. Plaintiff's complaint in Beach actually failed because no claim for relief was stated not because of lack of subject matter jurisdiction. Beach should therefore be viewed in light of the foregoing analysis.

In discussing a similar decision by a district court in Arizona, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals in Begay v. Kerr-McGee Corp., 682 F.2d 1311 (9th Cir.1982), stated:

The district judge apparently concluded that because Arizona law would deprive an Arizona court of jurisdiction in a like case filed in state court, the federal court lacked diversity jurisdiction. Here, he erred. The question is whether the Indians' complaint stated a claim for relief under Arizona law pursuant to Erie, rather than whether the district court lacked subject matter jurisdiction.... State law may not control or limit the diversity jurisdiction of the federal courts. The district court's diversity jurisdiction is a creature of federal law under Article III and 28 U.S.C. § 1332(a). Pursuant to the supremacy clause, Section 1332(a) preempts any contrary state law. Nothing in Erie compels a different conclusion emphasis added.

Id. at 1315.

Legislative enactment by the Indiana General Assembly with regard to employer-employee liability cannot divest the diversity jurisdiction of this court granted by congressional enactment.

It is clear, a state legislature can define plaintiff's cause of action under state law for work related injuries and/or limit the nature of the remedy for such injuries. Under Erie Railroad Co. v. Tompkins, 304 U.S. 64, 58 S.Ct. 817, 82 L.Ed. 1188 (1938), Indiana's workmen's compensation laws, when timely raised as a legal defense, constitute binding provisions for a U.S. District Court sitting in diversity. However, Indiana's legislature under the supremacy clause cannot define or limit this court's subject matter jurisdiction. Where diversity requirements are met an injured employee may afford himself of the jurisdiction of the federal courts, but his claim against an employer may fail through the application of Indiana's workmen's compensation laws and their exclusive remedy provisions.

Prior to the Kerr-McGee decision this court addressed the matter of an employee's exclusive remedy under workmen's compensation in Hickman v. Western Heating & Air Conditioning Co., 207 F.Supp. 832 (N.D.Ind.1962). Hickman was a wrongful death action and defendants moved to dismiss the case on the same grounds now urged by Union Carbide. In Hickman, the late Judge Beamer stated:

Defendants have filed a Motion to Dismiss the action on grounds that Plaintiff's sole and exclusive remedy ... is a claim for compensation before the Industrial Board of Indiana under the Workmens Compensation Act.

Id. at 833. Judge Beamer in his findings and order then set forth the stance to be taken by a federal court in dealing with diversity claims covered by Indiana's workmen's compensation laws:

Plaintiff's remedy under the Workmen's Compensation Act is exclusive ....

Since Plaintiff's Complaint fails to allege the elements necessary to preclude application of Indiana's Workmens Compensation Act, this action must be dismissed for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted emphasis added.

Id. at 834.

The court adopts the reasoning set forth in Begay v. Kerr-McGee Corp., supra, and the characterization of the issue stated by Judge Beamer in Hickman v. Western Heating & Air Conditioning Co., supra.

The court determines that the assertion of Union Carbide regarding the employment status of Mr. Gonzales is not properly raised as a claim of lack of subject matter jurisdiction, but rather as a failure of Mrs. Gonzales to state a claim for relief. Union Carbide's arguments must be examined in the context of a Rule 12(b)(6) motion rather than a Rule 12(b)(1) motion. See, Wright & Miller, Federal Practice & Procedure, § 1350, page 543.

Pursuant to Rule 12(h)(2) of the FED.R.CIV.P. a defense of failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted may be made even as late as the trial on the merits.

However, a defense of failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted is waived if not presented before the close of trial. See, Wright & Miller, Federal Practice & Procedure, § 1392, page 862. In Weaver v. Bowers, 657 F.2d 1356, 1360 (3rd Cir.1981), the court more specifically noted that under Rule 12(h)(2) of the FED.R. CIV.P., a defense of failure to state a claim must be raised before judgment or it is waived.

In Brule v. Southworth, 611 F.2d 406 (1st Cir.1979), the First Circuit Court of Appeals clearly focused on the issue now presented to this court. There, only after trial, did the defendant assert that the district court lacked subject matter jurisdiction. The Appeals Court stated:

While the defendants argument is presented

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