Gould v. People

Decision Date07 October 1968
Docket NumberNo. 22531,22531
Citation445 P.2d 580,167 Colo. 113
PartiesMichael Eugene GOULD, Plaintiff in Error, v. The PEOPLE of the State of Colorado, Defendants in Error.
CourtColorado Supreme Court

Brenman, Ciancio, Rossman & Baum, Martin Zerobnick, Denver, for plaintiff in error.

Duke W. Dunbar, Atty. Gen., Frank E. Hickey, Deputy Atty. Gen., James F. Pamp, Asst. Atty. Gen., Denver, for defendants in error.

HODGES, Justice.

Gould, hereinafter referred to as the defendant, was found guilty by a jury of 'aggravated robbery.' He urges reversal of the trial court's judgment on the verdict and the sentence on a variety of grounds including (1) the purported error of the trial court in allowing into evidence the defendant's confession and his statements admitting the commission of similar transactions; (2) the alleged improper denial of the defendant's motions for mistrial; (3) the court's limitation of defendant's cross examination of a medical witness for the people; and (4) the purported erroneous refusal of the trial court to give two of the defendant's tendered instructions.

The following basic facts are briefly summarized. Other facts and specific testimony will be added where necessary during the discussion of specific alleged errors.

On May 3, 1965 at about 9:15 P.M., a man with the lower part of his face covered by a handkerchief entered a grocery store in Denver and at gunpoint ordered the employees and customers to lie down on the floor. He then removed the cash from two registers and took a carton of Kool cigarettes. Later that evening, the defendant was arrested in Jefferson County as a suspect and also because he was wanted as an escapee from the Colorado State Penitentiary. The following morning, the defendant was transferred to the Denver City Jail where he was interrogated. During the course of this interrogation, he admitted that he had committed the previous night's armed robbery at the grocery store and also admitted that he had committed four other similar robberies in the Denver area. He signed a confession and statements admitting the commission of other similar robberies.

I.

Prior to the admission of the evidence of the defendant's confession and other statements, the trial court held a hearing out of the presence of the jury to determine whether the defendant's statements were voluntary. Extensive foundation testimony was taken and based thereon, the trial court found that prior to interrogation, the defendant was advised by the police that he had a right to counsel; that he did not have to make any statement; that the police could not force him to make a statement; and that any statement he did make could be used against him. The record further indicates that the defendant knew of his rights at the time of the interrogation; that he was 22 years old; and that he was not a stranger to court procedures having been previously convicted of a felony. The trial court concluded as a matter of law and under the totality of the circumstances, that the defendant's statements were voluntary beyond a reasonable doubt.

The defendant contends, however, that the evidence before the trial court was inadequate and failed to show either that the defendant was properly warned of his right to remain silent or that he had effectively waived his right to counsel. The last contention of the defendant is apparently based in part on the rule of Miranda v. State of Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 84 S.Ct. 1602, 16 L.Ed.2d 694, 10 A.L.R.3d 974. It must be noted, however, that this case was tried before Miranda was announced, and therefore, the rule of Miranda is not applicable. Johnson v. State of New Jersey, 384 U.S. 719, 86 S.Ct. 1772, 16 L.Ed.2d 882. The trial court after a hearing on voluntariness ruled that defendant's statements were made voluntarily and were not taken in violation of Escobedo v. State of Illinois, 378 U.S. 478, 84 S.Ct. 1758, 12 L.Ed.2d 977.

The trial court fulfilled the requirements of Jackson v. Denno,378 U.S. 368, 84 S.Ct. 1774, 12 L.Ed.2d 908, to wit, that a court must first determine the issue of voluntariness of a confession or admission before it can be presented as evidence in the jury's presence. Unless the evidence is clearly inadequate thereby reflecting an abuse of discretion by the trial court, we will not interfere with that ruling. Osborn v. People, 83 Colo. 4, 262 P. 892 and Mitchell v. People, 76 Colo. 346, 232 P. 685, Annot., 40 A.L.R. 566. In the instant case, the trial court's findings of fact and conclusions of law were substantiated by adequate evidence. Therefore, we hold there was no abuse of discretion and no basis for a reversal of the trial court's ruling on voluntariness.

In effect, the defendant contends also that the confession was improperly admitted because there was a lack of sufficient independent evidence of the corpus delicti. We disagree with this contention. In our view, there was ample independent evidence of the crime. The assistant manager and three customers of the grocery store gave eyewitness testimony about the armed robbery with which defendant was charged; moreover, '* * * this court has repeatedly held that this requirement of other and independent evidence 'need be only slight' and is met if the additional evidence is sufficient to convince the jury that the crime charged is real and not imaginary.' Hampton v. People, 146 Colo. 570, 574, 362 P.2d 864, 866, citing Bunch v. People, 87 Colo. 84, 285 P. 766; Williams v. People, 114 Colo. 207, 158 P.2d 447, 159 A.L.R. 509; and, Downey v. People, 121 Colo. 307, 215 P.2d 892. As in the Hampton case, the independent evidence here, instead of being slight, is substantial. Three people saw and testified to the crime. The statement in defendant's confession that he stole a carton of Kool cigarettes, in addition to money, was corroborated by the assistant manager's testimony. There also was independent testimony by several witnesses identifying the defendant as the man who committed the robbery. Although the robber's face was partially masked, recognition of a person under adverse conditions is generally a question of fact to be resolved by the jury. Ortega v. People, 161 Colo. 463, 423 P.2d 21; Besch v. People, 161 Colo. 229, 420 P.2d 821.

The defendant's admissions and independent testimony relating to four other similar robberies were properly admitted for the limited purpose of showing intent. Ray v. People, 125 Colo. 381, 243 P.2d 762; Bacino v. People, 104 Colo. 229, 90 P.2d 5. The limited purpose for which the evidence was offered was explained to the jury, and the stringent conditions for admission of this kind of evidence prescribed by this court in Stull v. People, 140 Colo. 278, 344 P.2d 455 were fulfilled. Hence, no error was committed in this respect. See Peppers v. People, Colo., 427 P.2d 870.

II.

The defendant contends that he was denied a fair trial and that the trial court should have granted his motions for mistrial predicated upon the following alleged errors: two doctors called as the People's witnesses improperly mentioned in their testimony that they had examined the defendant at the jail; a gun, which was seen twice by the jury, was never identified sufficiently to be received into evidence; and the Deputy District Attorney made improper and prejudicial remarks in his closing argument. In our view, the defendant has equated a fair trial with a trial completely free of any irregularity or imperfection. This, however, is not the standard for a fair trial. A fair trial is a trial free of any prejudicial error affecting the substantial rights of the accused.

The court refused to admit the gun into evidence although the record reveals that a Denver detective testified that the defendant had directed him to a Denver address where he recovered the gun which the defendant stated was used by him in the various robberies. The Deputy District Attorney on two occasions thereafter questioned witnesses who were...

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