Gravelle v. Kaba Ilco Corp.
| Decision Date | 04 August 2021 |
| Docket Number | 2020-1370 |
| Parties | GORDON GRAVELLE, OPERATING AS CODEPRO MANUFACTURING, Plaintiff-Appellant v. KABA ILCO CORPORATION, Defendant-Appellee |
| Court | U.S. Court of Appeals — Federal Circuit |
This disposition is nonprecedential.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of North Carolina in No. 5:13-cv-00642-FL, Judge Louise Wood Flanagan.
GORDON GRAVELLE, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada, pro se.
Albert P. Allan, Allan Law Firm, PLLC, Charlotte, NC, for defendant-appellee.
Before NEWMAN, CLEVENGER, and TARANTO, Circuit Judges.
Gordon Gravelle filed this case against Kaba Ilco Corp. (Kaba) alleging federal- and state-law wrongs. The district court entered judgment against him on the merits and awarded attorneys' fees against him. After that award became final without his filing an appeal, he filed a motion, under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 60(b), for relief from the court's fee award. The court denied the motion. Gravelle v. Kaba Ilco Corp., No. 5:13-cv-00642, 2019 WL 6851605 (E.D. N.C. Dec. 16, 2019) (Rule 60(b) Order). On Mr. Gravelle's appeal, we affirm the denial of the Rule 60(b) motion.
Mr Gravelle asserted three causes of action against Kaba under the Patent Act, the Lanham Act, and North Carolina law. The district court granted summary judgment in Kaba's favor on the merits of the claims and also awarded attorneys' fees to Kaba. When Mr. Gravelle appealed, we affirmed the summary judgment in Kaba's favor, but we vacated the fee award and remanded for reconsideration of the fees issue. Gravelle v. Kaba Ilco Corp., 684 Fed.Appx. 974 (Fed Cir. 2017).
On remand, Kaba filed a new motion for fees. When no response from Mr. Gravelle had arrived at court by the due date, the district court granted the motion for attorneys' fees in part, finding that Kaba was entitled to fees for prevailing on the federal claims (but not the state-law claim), but leaving the amount of fees to be determined later. Gravelle v. Kaba Ilco Corp., No. 5:13-cv-00642, 2018 WL 10320623 (E.D. N.C. Mar. 16, 2018) (Fees Entitlement Order).
Three days later, on March 19, 2018, the court received Mr Gravelle's untimely response to Kaba's motion. The court construed the untimely filing as a motion for reconsideration of the March 16, 2018 order. The court denied the motion, rejecting Mr. Gravelle's argument that he was the true prevailing party in the case. Order, Gravelle v Kaballco Corp., No. 5:13-cv-00642 (E.D. N.C. Nov. 2, 2018), ECF No. Ill. (Order on Motion to Reconsider).
Kaba then made a submission detailing the amount of fees it claimed. Mr. Gravelle did not respond to the submission. On August 8, 2019, the court entered an order awarding $68, 393.49 in attorneys' fees to Kaba. Gravelle v. Kaba Ilea Corp., No. 5:13-cv-00642, 2019 WL 7584527, at *5 (E.D. N.C. Aug. 8, 2019) (Final Fees Order).
On November 1, 2019, Mr. Gravelle filed the Rule 60(b) motion at issue now. He sought relief from the court's grant of attorneys' fees on the ground that the district court should have excused the lateness of his March 19, 2018 filing (based on excusable neglect) and therefore, in deciding the question of entitlement to fees, should have treated the arguments in that filing simply as a response to Kaba's motion for fees, not as a motion for reconsideration (for which his burden was heavier) of the already-entered Fees Entitlement Order of March 16, 2018. Appx. 28-29. The lateness of arrival of the March 19, 2018 filing, he said, was caused by a delivery error. In the Rule 60(b) motion, Mr. Gravelle also sought leave to supplement the March 19, 2018 filing to address why fees were not appropriate-specifically to provide "substantial justification" for his litigation behavior, such as his failure to attend a required deposition, which the court considered in granting fees. He merely sought leave to present such justifications; he did not provide them in the Rule 60(b) motion itself.
On December 16, 2019, the district court denied Mr. Gravelle's motion. Rule 60(b) Order, 2019 WL 6851605, at *1. The court determined that Mr. Gravelle failed to satisfy the threshold conditions for relief under Rule 60(b) because his Rule 60(b) motion was untimely and failed to demonstrate that he had a meritorious defense to the award of attorneys' fees. Id. at *2-3. The court therefore did not "address whether the mailing delay constitutes excusable neglect." Id. at *3 n.2.
Mr. Gravelle timely appealed. We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1295(a)(1).
We review a district court's denial of a Rule 60(b) motion under the law of the regional circuit, here the Fourth Circuit. Rembrandt Vision Techs., L.P. v. Johnson & Johnson Vision Care, Inc., 818 F.3d 1320, 1324 (Fed. Cir. 2016). We thus review the denial for an abuse of discretion. Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. v. AMU Roman Two NC, LLC, 859 F.3d 295, 299 (4th Cir. 2017). We "do not review the merits of the underlying order but rather only whether the movant satisfied the requirements for Rule 60(b) relief." Id.
Rule 60(b) allows a court to "relieve a party . . . from a final judgment, order, or proceeding" for, among other things, "mistake, inadvertence, surprise, or excusable neglect." Fed.R.Civ.P. 60(b). A party must first demonstrate "(1) timeliness, (2) a meritorious defense, (3) a lack of unfair prejudice to the opposing party, and (4) exceptional circumstances." Wells Fargo, 895 F.3d at 299. "After a party has crossed this initial threshold, [it] then must satisfy one of the six specific sections of Rule 60(b)." Id. (alteration in original) (internal quotation marks omitted). Here, the district court determined that Mr. Gravelle failed to meet the first two threshold requirements.
As to timeliness, the district court, noting Mr. Grav-elle's reliance on a ground stated in Rule 60(b)(1) ("excusable neglect"), invoked Rule 60(c)(1), which provides that a Rule 60(b) motion on that ground must be made "no more than a year after the entry of the judgment or order or the date of the proceeding." Fed.R.Civ.P. 60(c)(1). Mr. Gravelle filed his Rule 60(b) motion on November 1, 2019. The district court, agreeing with Kaba, concluded that the starting point for the one-year clock was the district court's March 16, 2018 Fees Entitlement Order, because "the mailing delay, which forms the basis of [Mr. Gravelle]'s excusable neglect claim, affected his ability to timely file before the court's March 16, 2018[] order." Rule 60(b) Order, 2019 WL 6851605, at *2. The Rule 60(b) motion was filed far more than one year after March 16, 2018, the district court concluded, and was therefore untimely under Rule 60(c)(1).
The district court's reasoning runs into a problem. Under Rule 60 and Fourth Circuit law, Mr. Gravelle could not have filed a Rule 60(b) motion within a year of the court's March 16, 2018 order. Rule 60(b) applies only to a "final judgment, order, or proceeding," not to interlocutory orders. Fed.R.Civ.P. 60(b) (emphasis added); see also Fed. R. Civ. P. 60(b) advisory committee's note to 1946 amendment ("The addition of the qualifying word 'final' emphasizes the character of the judgments, orders or proceedings from which Rule 60(b) affords relief; and hence interlocutory judgments are not brought within the restrictions of the rule, but rather they are left subject to the complete power of the court rendering them to afford such relief from them as justice requires."). The March 16, 2018 Fees Entitlement Order was not a final order on attorneys' fees, but was interlocutory, because it merely resolved entitlement, not the amount. See Elbit Systems Land & C4I Ltd. v. Hughes Network Systems, LLC, 927 F.3d 1292, 1303-04 (Fed. Cir. 2019). There was no finality until the district court issued its August 8, 2019 order determining the amount of fees owed-more than a year after the March 16, 2018 order. The Fourth Circuit has recognized that "Rule 60(b) [is] not available for relief from an interlocutory order" and that Rule 54(b) provides the avenue for such relief. Fayetteville Investors v. Commercial Builders, Inc., 936 F.2d 1462, 1469-70 (4th Cir. 1991); see also, e.g., State Nat'l Ins. Co. v. County of Camden, 824 F.3d 399, 406 (3d Cir. 2016); McKay v. Novartis Pharm. Corp., 751 F.3d 694, 701-02 (5th Cir. 2014); KapcoMfg. Co. v. C&O Enters., Inc., 773 F.2d 151, 153-54 (7th Cir. 1985).
Any error regarding Rule 60(c)(1), however, is harmless, as denial of Mr. Gravelle's Rule 60(b) motion was correct regardless. Mr. Gravelle's motion addresses how the district court considered his March 19, 2018 filing-as a motion to reconsider, not as an ordinary (but excusably late) response to Kaba's motion for fees. See Order on Motion to Reconsider at 2-3 (). Although Mr. Gravelle could not have appealed the interlocutory Fees Entitlement Order or interlocutory Order on Motion to Reconsider when issued, he could have appealed them once final judgment was entered on attorneys' fees on August 8, 2019. Mr Gravelle did not do so, but instead waited until after the time for an appeal had passed, see 28 U.S.C. § 2107 (), and filed a Rule 60(b) motion. Having failed to appeal the district court's order after it became final, however, Mr. Gravelle cannot use Rule 60(b) as a substitute to...
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