Great Am. Dream, Inc. v. Dekalb Cnty.

• Decision Date: 23 March 2012
• Docket Number: No. S11A1375.,S11A1375.
• Citation: Great Am. Dream, Inc. v. Dekalb Cnty., 290 Ga. 749, 727 S.E.2d 667, 12 FCDR 1091 (Ga. 2012)
• Parties: GREAT AMERICAN DREAM, INC. v. DeKALB COUNTY et al.
• Court: Georgia Supreme Court

290 Ga. 749

727 S.E.2d 667

12 FCDR 1091

GREAT AMERICAN DREAM, INC.

v.DeKALB COUNTY et al.

No. S11A1375.

Supreme Court of Georgia.

March 23, 2012.

Kenneth I. Sokolov, Atlanta, for appellant.

Sam L. Brannen, Jr., Statesboro, for appellees.

HINES, Justice.

Great American Dream, Inc. d/b/a Pin Ups Night Club (“Pin Ups”) brought this appeal from an order of the trial court denying its petition for an interlocutory injunction. For the reasons that follow, we reverse and remand with direction.

Pin Ups is a commercial establishment in DeKalb County that provides to its customers adult entertainment in the form of nude dancers. It holds a restaurant license as well as a license permitting it to sell alcoholic beverages by the drink. Its alcohol services end each day at a time in accord with county ordinances.¹ Included in its business practices has been the providing of breakfast food from the time alcohol service ends until 7:00 a.m. daily, when Pin Ups closes; it then reopens at 9:00 a.m. ²

On June 22, 2010, the DeKalb County Board of Commissioners (“Board”) amended its ordinances to provide that one hour after the end of the legal period for selling alcoholic beverages, the business must be cleared of customers, close, and not reopen until 9:00 a.m. (“the ordinances”).³ Pin Ups, naming the Board, its members, and DeKalb County as defendants, filed a petition seeking temporary and permanent injunctive relief from the operation of the ordinances, as well as damages,⁴ attorney fees, and a declaratory judgment. The trial court denied a temporary restraining order. A hearing was held on Pin Ups's request for an interlocutory injunction and, after “balancing the equities between the parties,” the trial court denied Pin Ups injunctive relief pending trial. See Cherokee County v. City of Holly Springs, 284 Ga. 298, 300–301(2), 667 S.E.2d 78 (2008); Hampton Island Founders v. Liberty Capital, 283 Ga. 289, 293(1)(b), 658 S.E.2d 619 (2008).

1. In denying the interlocutory injunction, the trial court characterized Pin Ups's petition as primarily raising due process concerns, concluded that the ordinances met the “rational basis” test, see Ga. Dept. of Human Resources v. Sweat, 276 Ga. 627, 628(2), 580 S.E.2d 206 (2003), and that Pin Ups thus had little likelihood of succeeding on the merits of its complaint, see Garden Hills Civic Assn. v. MARTA, 273 Ga. 280, 281(1), 539 S.E.2d 811 (2000); the court relied upon this conclusion in denying the injunction. Pin Ups asserts that in doing so, the trial court applied an incorrect standard to analyze the impact of the ordinances upon its free speech rights. To evaluate that claim, it must be determined whether Pin Ups asserted violations of a right under the First Amendment to the United States Constitution, or under Article I, Section I, Paragraph V of the Georgia Constitution.⁵ The distinction is important; this Court recently reiterated that our precedents have established that Georgia's constitutional protection of free speech is broader than that provided by the First Amendment. See Grady v. Unified Govt. of Athens–Clarke County, 289 Ga. 726, 728–731(2)(b), 715 S.E.2d 148 (2011). And, it is the protection of the Georgia Constitution that Pin Ups specified in its petition, asserting that the ordinances “violate the Georgia Constitution” in various ways, including infringing upon the right of free speech; there was no mention of the First Amendment.⁶

As Pin Ups alleged a violation of free speech rights under the Georgia Constitution, the trial court erred in applying the rational basis test. The entertainment activity at issue has been recognized as expressive conduct protected under our Constitution's free speech clause. See Harris v. Entertainment Systems, 259 Ga. 701, 702(1)(a), 386 S.E.2d 140 (1989). The effect of the ordinances is that the time during which Pin Ups's protected activity is conducted is now more limited than it was before the ordinances were enacted, even though the ordinances do not specifically mention the protected conduct and they apply to all businesses holding licenses to serve alcohol in the county. The appellees assert that the ordinances are justified on grounds of combating the undesirable secondary effects of businesses that sell alcoholic beverages by promoting enforcement of required closing times, and thus, the ordinances are considered content neutral. See Goldrush II v. City of Marietta, 267 Ga. 683, 690(4), 482 S.E.2d 347 (1997). Accordingly, the ordinances are “content-neutral legislation regulating trade” that also affect protected expression, but “only incidentally.” Paramount Pictures Corp. v. Busbee, 250 Ga. 252, 255(1), 297 S.E.2d 250 (1982).

A content-neutral regulation that incidentally affects protected expression must undergo something more than the rational basis test. Such a law can be upheld only “if it furthers an important government interest; if the government interest is unrelated to the suppression of speech; and if the incidental restriction of speech is no greater than is essential to the furtherance of that interest. [Cits.]” Id. at 256, 297 S.E.2d 250. Accord Goldrush II, supra at 692(5), 482 S.E.2d 347;Harris, supra at 703(1)(c), 386 S.E.2d 140.⁷Inasmuch as the trial court made its ruling based upon an incorrect legal standard, we must reverse its decision and remand the case to that court for it to evaluate Pin Ups's request for injunctive relief using the correct legal standard. See Gwinnett County v. Davis, 268 Ga. 653, 654, 492 S.E.2d 523 (1997).

2. The trial court's order balancing the equities discussed not only the likelihood of success on the merits, but also found that Pin Ups had an adequate remedy at law, as any loss of income or goodwill could be compensated by money damages, and ruled that Pin Ups would not suffer any irreparable injury if the injunction was not issued. See Garden Hills, supra at 282, 539 S.E.2d 811. See also Sarrio v. Gwinnett County, 273 Ga. 404, 405(1), 542 S.E.2d 485 (2001). Pin Ups cites Elrod v. Burns, 427 U.S. 347, 373(VII), 96 S.Ct. 2673, 49 L.Ed.2d 547 (1976), for the principle that “[t]he loss of First Amendment freedoms, for even minimal periods of time, unquestionably constitutes irreparable injury.” And, we agree that this is the case as well for violations of the guarantee of free speech found in Georgia's Constitution; monetary damages are inadequate for such an injury. See Joelner v. Village of Washington Park, 378 F.3d 613, 620 (II) (7th Cir.2004).⁸

Judgment reversed and case remanded with direction.

All the Justices concur.

1. Evidence was submitted showing that service of alcoholic beverages stopped at 3:45 a.m. Tuesdays through Saturdays, and at 2:45 a.m. on Sundays and Mondays.

2. On Sundays, Pin Ups reopens at 12:30 p.m.

3. The relevant ordinances read:

Sec. 4–126. Hours of sale and operation.

Distilled spirits shall be sold and delivered to the customer for consumption on the premises during the following hours:

(1) Monday through Friday are from 9:00 a.m. until 3:55 a.m. the following day.

(2) Saturday hours are from 9:00 a.m. until 2:55 a.m. on Sunday.

(3) Sunday hours are from 12:30 p.m. until 2:55 a.m. on Monday as permitted by section 4–128.

Sales and deliveries during all other hours are prohibited. There shall be no consumption on the premises after prohibited hours have been in effect for one-half (1/2) hour. All licensed establishments must close their premises to the public and clear their premises of patrons within one (1) hour after the time set by this chapter for discontinuance of the sale of alcoholic beverages on the premises and shall not reopen their premises to the public until 9:00 a.m. or thereafter.

Sec. 4–147. Hours of sale and operation.

Beer and/or wine shall be sold and delivered to the customer for consumption on the premises only during the following hours:

(1) Monday through Friday are from 9:00 a.m. until 3:55 a.m. the following day.

(2) Saturday hours are from 9:00 a.m. until 2:55 a.m. on Sunday.

(3) Sunday hours are from 12:30 p.m. until 2:55 a.m. on Monday as permitted by section 4–149.

Sales and deliveries during all other hours are prohibited. There shall be no consumption on the premises after prohibited hours have been in effect for one-half (1/2) hour. All licensed establishments must close their premises to the public and clear their premises of patrons within one (1) hour after the time set by this chapter for discontinuance of the sale of alcoholic beverages on the premises and shall not reopen their premises to the public until 9:00 a.m. or thereafter.

Sec. 4–162. Hours of sale and operation.

Alcoholic beverages shall be sold and delivered to the customer for consumption on the premises only during the following hours:

(1) Monday through Friday are from 9:00 a.m. until 3:55 a.m. the following day.

(2) Saturday hours are from 9:00 a.m. until 2:55 a.m. on Sunday.

(3) Sunday hours are from 12:30 p.m. until 2:55 a.m. on Monday as permitted by section 4–164.

Sales and...