Great Falls Tribune Co., Inc. v. Cascade County Sheriff, 89-86

• Decision Date: 06 July 1989
• Docket Number: No. 89-86,89-86
• Citation: 775 P.2d 1267,238 Mont. 103
• Parties: , 16 Media L. Rep. 2131 GREAT FALLS TRIBUNE COMPANY, INC., Petitioner and Respondent, v. CASCADE COUNTY SHERIFF, Barry Michelotti, and City of Great Falls, a Municipal corp., Respondents and Appellants.
• Court: Montana Supreme Court

Page 1267

775 P.2d 1267

238 Mont. 103, 16 Media L. Rep. 2131

GREAT FALLS TRIBUNE COMPANY, INC., Petitioner and Respondent, v. CASCADE COUNTY SHERIFF, Barry Michelotti, and City of Great

Falls, a Municipal corp., Respondents and

Appellants.

No. 89-86.

Supreme Court of Montana.

Submitted on Briefs May 18, 1989.

Decided July 6, 1989.

David V. Gliko, City Atty., Great Falls, for respondents and appellants.

Peter Michael Meloy, Helena, for petitioner and respondent.

TURNAGE, Chief Justice.

The City of Great Falls appeals from an order of the District Court for the Eighth Judicial District, Cascade County, that the City must publicly disclose the names of three law enforcement officers disciplined as the result of a November 30, 1988, incident. We affirm.

The issue is whether the privacy rights of the individual police officers exceed the merits of public disclosure of the names of the officers in the Great Falls Tribune.

On November 30, 1988, certain police officers and deputies from the Cascade County Sheriff's Office engaged in a high-speed automobile chase through the City of Great Falls in an attempt to apprehend a suspect. The suspect left his car and continued his flight on foot. A deputy sheriff attempting to stop the suspect ran his squad car up on a city sidewalk and struck the suspect.

When the suspect was taken to jail, a jailer noticed that the suspect had suffered injuries to his head and face. The jailer brought the injuries to the attention of the sheriff and an investigation followed.

As a result of the investigation, a sheriff's deputy was suspended for a period of time, one police officer was fired, and two other police officers were given the option to resign or be terminated. They resigned. A reporter from the Great Falls Tribune (Tribune) had been given access to an "initial offense report" which contained the names of a number of officers involved in the incident without specifying how they were involved. He attempted to obtain the names of the officers disciplined. The reporter asked the Cascade County Sheriff, the Great Falls City Police Chief, and the Great Falls City Manager for the names of the officers disciplined, but all three refused to disclose the names on the grounds of the officers' right to privacy.

The Tribune filed a petition in District Court seeking an order directing the defendants to release the names of the law enforcement officers who had been disciplined. The City of Great Falls (City) moved to dismiss and filed an answer asserting the individual officers' right to privacy under Article II, Section 10 of the Montana Constitution. The court held a hearing at which two witnesses for the Tribune testified. The City did not call witnesses but filed an affidavit by the Police Chief which was entered by stipulation as part of the record.

On January 17, 1989, the District Court issued its opinion and order directing the City to disclose the identity of the officers who were disciplined. The court noted that the Cascade County Sheriff had disclosed the name of the deputy sheriff to the Tribune and had been dismissed from the lawsuit.

In analyzing the issue before it, the District Court conducted a balancing of two rights guaranteed under the Montana Constitution. The right to know is set forth at Art. II, Section 9, Mont. Const.:

Section 9. Right to know. No person shall be deprived of the right to examine documents or to observe the deliberations of all public bodies or agencies of state government and its subdivisions, except in cases in which the demand of individual privacy clearly exceeds the merits of public disclosure.

The right of privacy is set forth at Art. II, Section 10, Mont. Const.:

Section 10. Right of privacy. The right of individual privacy is essential to the well-being of a free society and shall not be infringed without the showing of a compelling state interest.

The court determined that "the demands of individual privacy as shown on this record do not clearly exceed the merits of public disclosure." It ordered the City to provide the Tribune with the names of the officers disciplined as a result of the November 30th incident, along with information on which officers were terminated and resigned.

Before conducting our analysis, we will review recent cases in which this Court has been asked to balance the right of privacy against the right to know.

This Court has used a two-part test in determining whether a person has a constitutionally-protected privacy interest. Montana Human Rights Div. v. City of Billings (1982), 199 Mont. 434, 442, 649 P.2d 1283, 1287. First, we determine whether the person has a subjective or actual expectation of privacy. Next, we evaluate whether society is willing to recognize that expectation as reasonable. In Human Rights, the issue was whether the Human Rights Division had the authority to subpoena employment records of employees other than the employee who was accusing the employer of discrimination. The Court concluded that the other employees had a high expectation of privacy worthy of protection under Art. II, Section 10, Mont. Const., since their files presumably contained sensitive information. This Court next balanced the right of privacy of the other employees against the State's interest in prohibiting employment discrimination, using as its standard whether there was a compelling state interest which overrode the right to individual privacy. Human...