Greenman v. Massachusetts Parole Bd.

• Decision Date: 11 July 1989
• Citation: 540 N.E.2d 1309,405 Mass. 384
• Parties: Wendell GREENMAN v. MASSACHUSETTS PAROLE BOARD et al. 1
• Court: United States State Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts Supreme Court

Page 1309

540 N.E.2d 1309

405 Mass. 384

Wendell GREENMAN v. MASSACHUSETTS PAROLE BOARD et al. ¹

Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts Middlesex.

Argued March 7, 1989.

Decided July 11, 1989.

David C. Casey (Deborah A. Tootalian, Boston, with him), for plaintiff.

Andrew M. Zaikis, Asst. Atty. Gen., for defendants.

Before LIACOS, C.J., and WILKINS, ABRAMS, LYNCH and O'CONNOR, JJ.

LIACOS, Chief Justice.

In November, 1968, the plaintiff, Wendell Greenman, pleaded guilty to murder in the second degree. He was sentenced to life imprisonment. G.L. c. 265, § 2 (1986 ed.). He now challenges the refusal of the Massachusetts Parole Board (board) to grant him parole, on four occasions, "due to the gravity of the crime" and on the ground that Greenman has failed to acknowledge "the sexual aspects of the crime." Greenman's amended complaint, filed in February, 1987, alleges that the board acted beyond its statutory authority under G.L. c. 127, §§ 130 et seq. (1986 ed). The complaint also alleges violations of Greenman's rights under art. 12 of the Massachusetts Declaration of Rights, and under unspecified Federal constitutional provisions, pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983 (1982). A judge of the Superior Court allowed the board's motion to dismiss on January 20, 1988. The plaintiff appealed, and we transferred his appeal to this court on our own motion. We affirm.

We assume as true the facts alleged in Greenman's amended complaint. Massachusetts Elec. Co. v. Athol One, Inc., 391 Mass. 685, 686, 462 N.E.2d 1370 (1984). According to the amended complaint, Greenman "recalled killing the victim," a ten-year-old girl. The complaint alleges that he had been "in a tremendous and uncontrollable rage [and] as a result he temporarily blocked the incident from his memory." Nothing in the complaint indicates what were "the sexual aspects of the crime." ² Greenman allegedly has been an exemplary prisoner since his confinement.

Under G.L. c. 127, § 130, "[n]o prisoner shall be granted a parole permit merely as a reward for good conduct but only if the parole board is of the opinion that there is a reasonable probability that, if such prisoner is released, he will live and remain at liberty without violating the law, and that his release is not incompatible with the welfare of society." Under G.L. c. 127, § 133A, Greenman was entitled to a public hearing before the full membership of the board prior to the expiration of his fifteenth year in prison, and each year thereafter. At such hearings, the board is to be provided, under the statute, with specific information, including "a complete statement of the crime for which [the prisoner] is then sentenced, [and] the circumstances of such crime." G.L. c. 127, § 135. Thus, the circumstances of Greenman's crime clearly are relevant under the statute.

Greenman concedes that "it is appropriate for the Board to consider, among other facts, the circumstances of the crime actually charged." However, Greenman maintains that: (1) the board has gone further in this case and has improperly considered evidence of a crime not charged, namely rape; and that (2) the board has fixed on the gravity of the crime, and that this does not serve the asserted purpose of § 130 as a predictor of Greenman's future conduct if released on parole.

We cannot agree with Greenman that the board is prohibited from considering the circumstances of his crime simply because those circumstances may describe another crime. The board is required by statute to be provided with "the complete criminal record of [the] prisoner" and "reports as to the prisoner's social, physical, mental and psychiatric condition and history." G.L. c. 127, § 135.

Under the plaintiff's interpretation of § 135, which also requires the board be supplied with a statement of the "circumstances of [the] crime," the board would be barred from considering these circumstances precisely when they are most relevant. This position is inconsistent with the statutory scheme which, inter alia, provides that law enforcement authorities shall be notified and may be heard. See G.L. c. 127, § 133A. We decline to read the statute in such an illogical way. Commonwealth v. Lamb, 365 Mass. 265, 269, 311 N.E.2d 47 (1974).

Greenman also argues that the board acted improperly as both judge and jury. Greenman ignores the fact that the board itself has the authority to evaluate the record before it, and its determination is granted considerable deference. See Woods v. State Bd. of Parole, 351 Mass. 556, 559, 222 N.E.2d 882 (1967). In addition a prisoner cannot prevent the board from considering the circumstances of the crime for which he is sentenced merely because he pleaded guilty to a lesser crime than that with which he was charged. Augustine v. Brewer, 821 F.2d 365, 368-369 & nn. 1 & 2 (7th Cir.1987). People ex rel. Herbert v. New York State Bd. of Parole, 97 A.D.2d 128, 133, 468 N.Y.S.2d 881 (N.Y.1983). The board may consider the circumstances of Greenman's offense, including any sexual aspects. See Resnick v. United States Parole Comm'n, 835 F.2d 1297, 1300 (10th Cir.1987). See also People ex rel. Yates v. Walters, 111 A.D.2d 839, 490 N.Y.S.2d 573 (N.Y.1985), and cases cited.

Greenman's second argument, that the gravity of the crime is not predictive of his conformity to the law, is not persuasive. As the United States Supreme Court has stated, the decision whether to grant parole "involves a synthesis of record facts and personal observation filtered through the experience of the decisionmaker and leading to a predictive judgment as to what is best both for the individual inmate and for the community. This latter conclusion requires the Board to assess whether, in light of the nature of the crime, the inmate's release will minimize the gravity of the offense, weaken the deterrent impact on others, and undermine respect for the administration of justice" (emphasis added). Greenholtz v. Inmates of the Neb. Penal & Correctional Complex, 442 U.S. 1, 8, 99 S.Ct. 2100, 2104, 60 L.Ed.2d 668 (1979).

Greenman asserts that he is being punished a second time for pleading guilty to murder in the second degree, the gravity of which is already taken into account by the statutory scheme as to both sentencing and parole. If the board were to deny Greenman parole on the sole basis that murder in the second degree is an inherently heinous crime, that decision might be contrary to the spirit of G.L. c. 127, § 133A. That section provides a specific fifteen-year requirement for parole eligibility in cases of life sentences, and might therefore be read to have taken into account already the inherent gravity of crimes for which a life sentence is imposed. However, Greenman's complaint alleges facts sufficient to show that the board did not rely simply on the fact of Greenman's conviction of murder in the second degree. To the contrary, the board's stated reasons illustrate that in denying Greenman's parole, the board relied in part on the seriousness of the particular facts of Greenman's crime. These circumstances properly could be found by the board to be predictive of Greenman's probability, if he were released, of being able to "live and remain at liberty without violating the law," and predictive whether Greenman's release would be "incompatible with the welfare of society." G.L. c. 127, § 130. It is difficult to comprehend, for instance, how the circumstance that Greenman was, by his own...