Griffin v. US

• Decision Date: 08 November 1991
• Docket Number: No. 86-1512.,86-1512.
• Citation: 598 A.2d 1174
• Parties: Robert L. GRIFFIN, Appellant, v. UNITED STATES, Appellee.
• Court: D.C. Court of Appeals

598 A.2d 1174

Robert L. GRIFFIN, Appellant, v. UNITED STATES, Appellee.

No. 86-1512.

District of Columbia Court of Appeals.

Argued May 9, 1989.

Decided November 8, 1991.

Carl V. Angelis, Washington, D.C., appointed by the court, for appellant.

Virginia C. Veltrop, Asst. U.S. Atty., with whom Jay B. Stephens, U.S. Atty., and Michael W. Farrell, Asst. U.S. Atty. at the time the brief was filed, William M. Jackson and Odessa F. Vincent, Asst. U.S. Attys., Washington, D.C., were on the brief, for appellee.

Before NEWMAN,^* GALLAGHER, and BELSON,^** Senior Judges.

NEWMAN, Senior Judge:

To decide this motion, we must address the issue of whether Griffin has been denied the effective assistance of counsel on his direct appeal. We find that the failure of Griffin's prior counsel on appeal to raise a double jeopardy issue on appeal makes a showing of "sufficient merit" on Griffin's claim of ineffective assistance with respect to the charge of obstructing justice to warrant the recall of our mandate previously issued.

In so far as relevant to this appeal, the record shows the following events. In January 1985, Griffin was presented in the Superior Court on charges of burglary, assault with intent to kill while armed, and related offenses. He was released on personal recognizance pending trial. A condition of his release was that he stay away from the complaining witness. Subsequently, the trial court ordered Griffin to show cause why he should not be held in contempt of court for violating the stay away order by confronting the complaining witness at his residence, seeking to induce him to testify in a particular manner. A hearing was held before Judge Annice M. Wagner, and Griffin was found guilty of criminal contempt. He was sentenced to thirty days' imprisonment.

Two weeks later, the grand jury indicted Griffin on the four charges on which he had been presented, as well as a new charge of obstructing justice. This count alleged:

On or about July 29, 1985, within the District of Columbia, Robert L. Griffin endeavored corruptly and by threats and force to influence, intimidate, and impede Santos Rodas in the discharge of his duties as a witness in the case of UNITED STATES v. ROBERT L. GRIFFIN, Criminal Case Number F-527-85, then pending in the Superior Court of the District of Columbia. (Obstructing Justice, in violation of D.C.Code § 22-722(a)(1).)

Prior to trial, Griffin filed a written motion to dismiss the obstructing justice count on the ground of double jeopardy. Specifically, he asserted that his conviction for contempt of court for his conduct toward the complaining witness barred his subsequent prosecution for obstructing justice on the same facts. Judge Henry H. Kennedy denied this motion. Griffin was convicted on all counts charged, including obstructing justice, for which he received a consecutive sentence.

On appeal, new counsel did not raise the obstructing justice/contempt, double jeopardy issue and we did not consider it. After we entered a Memorandum Opinion and Judgment Order affirming the convictions¹ and issued the mandate, Griffin, through new counsel,² following the procedures set forth in Watson v. United States, 536 A.2d 1056 (D.C.1987) (en banc), cert. denied, 486 U.S. 1010, 108 S.Ct. 1740, 100 L.Ed.2d 203 (1988), seeks to vindicate his right to effective assistance of counsel on appeal protected by due process. See Evitts v. Lucey, 469 U.S. 387, 105 S.Ct. 830, 83 L.Ed.2d 821 (1985). Counsel filed a motion in this court for recall of the mandate, asserting ineffective assistance of appellate counsel. After this division heard oral argument on the motion, the full court decided to consolidate two other appeals raising similar double jeopardy issues and to rehear the consolidated cases en banc. This division deferred deciding this case pending the en banc decision. See United States v. Dixon, 598 A.2d 724 (D.C.1991) (en banc).

"This court will pursue a claim of ineffective assistance of appellate counsel which has been found by the court to have sufficient merit by recalling the mandate and reopening the movant's appeal in order to fully explore and then decide whether there was ineffective assistance of counsel on the first appeal." Watson, supra, 536 A.2d at 1061 (emphasis in original). In determining whether a showing of "sufficient merit" has been made to recall the mandate, we must address two principal issues. One is whether the performance of counsel "`fell below an objective standard of reasonableness.'" Id. at 1065 (quoting Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 688, 104 S.Ct. 2052, 2065, 80 L.Ed.2d 674 (1984)). Stated another way, we must address "whether counsel's conduct so undermined the proper functioning of the adversarial process that the judicial proceedings cannot be relied on as having produced a just result." Strickland v. Washington, supra, 466 U.S. at 686, 104 S.Ct. at 2064. Our other inquiry addresses prejudice, i.e., "it must be established that there is a `reasonable probability that, but for counsel's unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different.'" Watson, supra, 536 A.2d at 1065 (quoting Strickland v. Washington, supra, 466 U.S. at 694, 104 S.Ct. at 2068). Both Strickland and Watson suggest that it is sometimes efficacious to address the prejudice prong first since without prejudice there can be no ineffective assistance. It is to the prejudice prong that we now turn.

On July 30, 1985, based on information reported that day by the United States, the trial court issued an Order to Show Cause, which in relevant part, reads:

Defendant, Robert Griffin, was released on personal recognizance in this case pending trial and was ordered to observe as one of the conditions of release that he stay away from the complaining witness. The government reported in open court that defendant violated said condition in that on the evening of July 29, 1985, defendant went to the apartment of the complaining witness and tried to persuade him to testify that he did not know who shot him. It is therefore, by the Court this 30th day of July, 1985,

ORDERED, that defendant, Robert Griffin, appear with counsel on August 2, 1985, at 2:00 p.m. to show cause why his release should not be revoked, why he should not be detained and prosecuted for contempt of court.

At the trial of the contempt charge on August 2, 1985, the United States called the complaining witness, Santos Rodas. Rodas testified that on July 29, 1985, Griffin came to his apartment and attempted to persuade Rodas to testify falsely in the pending case that Rodas did not know who shot him. Rodas further testified that Griffin stated that in return for such testimony there would be "big money" coming to Rodas after the trial and that Griffin would leave Rodas and his wife in peace thereafter.

In arguing that he should not be held in contempt, Christopher S. Howell, trial counsel for Griffin, apprised the court that based on the alleged conduct of July 29, 1985, which was the basis of the contempt proceeding, Griffin had been arrested and presented on a felony complaint charging obstruction of justice.

In arguing that Griffin should be held in contempt, the government urged:

Your Honor, only that—two things: One is that, this is not a case of someone just merely violating the Stay Away Order.

Here is a man who shot him in the back and, on the eve of trial, goes downstairs when he was specifically ordered to stay away from him.

Not only to stay away from him, but attempts to influence his testimony and tells him he is going to have big money for him when the trial is over; tells him that if he is basically good, that the victim was going to say he didn't know who shot him, and that he was concerned about his wife—what his wife would testify to.

* * * * * *

Quite clearly, under those circumstances, it seems to me that he went down there for the sole purpose of trying to get this man to change his testimony and to say he didn't shoot him, and offer him money for it.

* * * * * *

This is not just merely a stay away, this is willful. He went there and willfully violated that order and willfully attempted to seek to influence that—the conduct of the victim.

In finding Griffin in contempt and sentencing him to thirty days' confinement, Judge Wagner found:

First, that the Court takes judicial notice of its records in this case that on January 23, 1985, the Defendant was released upon certain conditions. Among those conditions were that he was to stay away from the complaining witness.

Defendant signed that notice and was released to reappear.

The victim in this case is Mr. Santos Rodas, who appeared and testified, and the Court finds based on his testimony that he was the complaining witness in the underlying case, that he has identified the Defendant as the person who shot him.

The Court further finds that the victim, on the day before he was to come to Court for the trial in this case, was at home when the Defendant came to his home to see him.

He asked the complainant what his testimony was going to be. He further promised him that he should try to convince his wife to indicate that she didn't know who shot him, and that if she did this, that he would leave them in peace.

Additionally, he suggested to the victim that after the trial was over big money would be coming his way.

The appearance at the—of the Defendant at the door of the victim in this case in an effort to talk to him about what his testimony was going to be in this case, and trying to influence the testimony of the victim, and through the victim the testimony of his wife, shows a willful disregard of the Stay Away Order in this case.

The Court so finds beyond a reasonable doubt based on the testimony before it that the Defendant, through his conduct, was in willful violation of the Court's order....

The record makes clear that it was the same conduct which formed the basis of the contempt conviction that formed the basis for...