Griggs v. United States

• Decision Date: 03 February 1908
• Docket Number: 1,441.
• Citation: 158 F. 572
• Parties: GRIGGS v. UNITED STATES.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Ninth Circuit

158 F. 572

GRIGGS v. UNITED STATES.

No. 1,441.

United States Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit.

February 3, 1908

Ross Circuit Judge, dissenting.

W. H Bard and James E. Fenton, for plaintiff in error.

George B. Grigsby and Jno. J. Reagan, for the United States.

Before GILBERT, ROSS, and MORROW, Circuit Judges.

GILBERT Circuit Judge.

The plaintiff in error was jointly charged with one Duncan of the crime of obtaining money by false pretenses. The indictment set forth the false pretenses, alleged that they were made with the intention to defraud F. T. Merritt and obtain from him the sum of $875, and that, relying upon the same, said Merritt then and there paid to the said Duncan and the plaintiff in error the sum of $875; and the indictment proceeded to set forth the falseness of the pretenses. The plaintiff in error was tried separately, and was convicted. It is assigned as error that the court overruled a demurrer to the indictment and a motion in arrest of judgment, by both of which the indictment was questioned on three grounds First, that it does not allege that the offense charged was committed in the Second division of the district of Alaska second, that it does not allege the value or description of the money so obtained; and, third, that it does not aver that the money alleged to have been obtained on the false pretenses was the property of Merritt.

As to the first objection, we find that in Act June 6, 1900, c. 786, Sec. 4, 31 Stat. 322, it is provided as follows:

'There is hereby established a district court for the district, which shall be a court of general jurisdiction in civil, criminal, equity and admiralty cases, and three district judges shall be appointed for the district, who shall, during their terms of office, reside in the division of the district to which they may respectively be appointed by the President. The court shall consist of three divisions. The judge designated to preside over division numbered one, shall, during his term of office, reside at Juneau,' etc.

Section 5 provides:

'The jurisdiction of each division of the court shall extend over the district of Alaska, but the court in which the action is pending, may, on motion, change the place of trial in any action, civil or criminal, from one place to another place in the same division, or to a designated place in another division in either of the following cases,' etc.

In Act March 3, 1899, c. 429, 30 Stat. 1286, section 13, subc. 5, provides:

'That the grand jury have power, and it is their duty, to inquire into all crimes committed or triable within the jurisdiction of the court, and present them to the court, either by presentment or indictment as provided in this act.'

And section 10 of subchapter 4, provides:

'That but one grand jury shall be summoned in each division of the court to inquire into all offenses committed or triable within said district.'

From these provisions it appears that it was the intention of Congress to give to each division of the court jurisdiction over the whole district; and, such being the construction of the law, an indictment is not defective if it fail to allege that the offense charged was committed within the particular division of the court in which it is found.

Nor do we find merit in the second objection to the indictment. Money itself, being a measure of value, cannot be rendered more definite by an averment of its value. State v. Kube, 20 Wis. 217, 91 Am.Dec. 390; Oliver v. State, 37 Ala. 134; People v. Millan, 106 Cal. 320, 39 P. 605. And while there are decisions which hold that the kind, character, or denomination of the money obtained shall be set forth in the indictment, the tendency of the more modern decisions is to dispense with the rule, technical as it is, and unsupported by sound reason or common sense. Commonwealth v. Lincoln, 11 Allen, 233; State v. Knowlton, 11 Wash. 512, 39 P. 966; State v. Reese, 83 N.C. 637; Oliver v. The State, 37 Ala. 134.

A more serious objection is that the indictment contains no direct allegation as to the ownership of the money obtained. Numerous authorities hold that a direct allegation of that nature is essential. The reason assigned for such a rule is that, without such allegation and proof, the defendant may again be indicted for the same offense. Following the common-law rule as laid down in Norton's Case, in 8 Car. & P. 196, holding that an indictment under St. 7 & 8 Geo. IV, c. 8, for obtaining money under false pretenses, is not good unless, in addition to the false pretenses, it contain the requisites of a count for larceny, and that, if it do not allege the money obtained to be the property of any person:

'It will not be sufficient, inasmuch as it could not in that state be pleaded as a bar to a subsequent indictment for larceny, which it is made by the proviso in the fifty-third section.'

But that reason has no foundation in fact when applied to an indictment for obtaining money under false pretenses as that offense is defined in the Alaska statute. The gist of the offense is the use of the false pretenses to obtain the money or property of another, and the crime is not in terms made larceny. The indictment in the present case contains all the elements of the offense as it is defined in the statute. Not only is this so, but it is provided in section 45 (30 Stat. 1290):

'That when a crime involves the commission of, or an attempt to commit a private injury and is described with sufficient certainty in other respects to identify the act, an erroneous allegation as to the person injured or intended to be injured is not material.'

Section 49 provides that the indictment shall be sufficient if it can be understood therefrom:

'That the act or omission charged as a crime is clearly and distinctly set forth in ordinary and concise language without repetition, and in such a manner as to enable a person of common understanding to know what is intended.'

And section 50 provides:

'That no indictment is insufficient, nor can the trial, judgment or other proceedings thereon be affected by reason of a defect or imperfection in matter of form which does not tend to the prejudice of the substantial rights of the defendant upon the merits.'

Under these statutory provisions we are disposed to follow a line of cases which hold that the ownership of the money obtained need not be stated by a direct allegation, if facts are alleged which sufficiently show the ownership. State v. Knowlton, 11 Wash. 512, 39 P. 966; State v. Boon, 49 N.C. 463; People v. Skidmore, 123 Cal. 267, 55 P. 984; State v. Balliet, 63 Kan. 707, 66 P. 1005; People v. Monroe (Sup.) 71 N.Y.Supp. 803. In State v. Boon the court, while admitting that in an indictment for larceny it is necessary to aver the ownership of the articles stolen, held that in an indictment for obtaining by false token the averment of an intent to so defraud a particular individual out of the property obtained 'does identify it, and secures the same certainty as the averment in an indictment for larceny that the article is the property of a particular individual and affords an equal protection against another indictment.'

The indictment in the present case alleged that the false pretenses were used with intent to defraud F. T. Merritt and obtain from him the sum of $875, and that by such false pretenses the defendants induced Merritt to purchase from them an undivided one-fourth interest in a certain placer mining claim, and that, relying on said false pretenses and representations, he paid to the defendants the said sum of $875 as part purchase price of said interest. This clearly and distinctly sets forth the crime in such a manner as to enable a person of common understanding to know what was intended and whose money was obtained, and there is no omission or defect which tends to prejudice the substantial rights of the plaintiff in error. Mere technical defects in criminal pleadings, which do not go to the substance of the accusation or prejudicially affect a substantial right of the accused, ought to be disregarded in an appellate court.

Error is assigned to the refusal of the court to permit counsel for the plaintiff in error to show that certain jurors had formed opinions as to the guilt or innocence of Duncan, who was jointly indicted with the plaintiff in error. But the rule is well settled that one is not an incompetent juror merely because he has formed and expressed an opinion as to the guilt of a person jointly indicted with the defendant. The objection can be urged only by the party against whom the opinion has been formed or expressed. 24 Cyc. 291; State v. Benton, 2 Dev. & B. Law (N.C.) 196; Lambright v. State, 34 Fla. 564, 16 So. 582; Weston v. Commonwealth, 111 Pa. 251, 2 A. 191; State v. Bill, 15 La.Ann. 114; State v. Bunger, 14 La.Ann. 465; Peddy v. State, 31 Tex.Cr.R. 547, 21 S.W. 542; Pierson v. State, 21 Tex.App. 14, 17 S.W. 468; Thompson v. State, 19 Tex.App. 593.

Several assignments of error challenge the rulings of the trial court in admitting evidence of conversations between Merritt and Duncan, not in the presence of the plaintiff in error, and between Merritt and one Watson, who was the agent of both Duncan and the plaintiff in error. The evidence so admitted tended to show that, some time prior to the commission of the act charged in the indictment, the plaintiff in error and Duncan had...