Grinnell Co. v. Voorhees

• Decision Date: 30 September 1924
• Docket Number: No. 3133.,3133.
• Citation: Grinnell Co. v. Voorhees, 1 F.2d 693 (3rd Cir. 1924)
• Parties: GRINNELL CO., Inc., v. VOORHEES et al.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Third Circuit

1 F.2d 693 (1924)

GRINNELL CO., Inc., v.VOORHEES et al.^*

No. 3133.

Circuit Court of Appeals, Third Circuit.

September 30, 1924.

Samuel Koestler and Leavitt & Ulbrich, all of Elizabeth, N. J. (Edgar W. Shaw, of Providence, R. I., and Stamler, Stamler & Koestler, of Elizabeth, N. J., of counsel), for appellant.

Howard C. Gilmour, of Newark, N. J., and McDermott, Enright & Carpenter, of Jersey City, N. J., for appellees.

Before WOOLLEY and DAVIS, Circuit Judges, and THOMPSON, District Judge.

DAVIS, Circuit Judge.

On February 27, 1920, the Grinnell Company entered into a contract with the Willys Corporation, wherein it agreed to equip the property of the Willys Corporation at Elizabeth, N. J., with a system of Grinnell fire extinguishing apparatus for the sum of $243,614 to be paid in monthly installments on the 5th day of each month to the amount of 85 per cent. of the price of materials delivered and work performed during the month preceding.The corporation seemed to be hard pressed for money and did not keep up its payments, and in December, 1920, made its last payment, though the work of installing the system continued until September 15, 1921, when it was suspended.The Grinnell Company filed a mechanic's lien claim for the amount of the work done which was agreed to be 78 per cent.Insolvency proceedings were then instituted against the Willys Corporation and receivers were appointed for it.The lien claim, $139,616.57, for the 78 per cent. of the work done, was paid, and the Grinnell Company filed with the receivers in July, 1922, its claim of $24,919.94 for profits which it alleges it would have made, had it been allowed to complete the contract.This claim was rejected by the receivers, and an appeal was taken to the District Court from the action of the receivers, and the matter was referred to John W. Emery, Esquire, as special master to ascertain and report the amount, if any, due the Grinnell Company.He reported that there was a breach of contract, but the company was entitled to only 6 cents damages.Exceptions to the master's report were filed in the District Court, but they were overruled and the report confirmed.The Grinnell Company appealed to this court on the ground that its claim for profits should have been allowed.

The Durant Motor Company purchased the Willys Corporation property and employed the Grinnell Company to complete the fire extinguishing system.There seems to be no serious dispute as to the amount of the profits claimed, but they were disallowed on the ground that the Grinnell Company made practically the same profits under the Durant contract that it would have made under the original contract and it should not make the two profits on the same work, for it was the duty of the Grinnell Company to minimize the damages after the breach, and this it did by entering into the contract with the Durant Company.

After the receiver took over the Willys Corporation, the Grinnell Company several times offered to go ahead and complete the work according to the original contract, but the receivers finally "determined not to complete the sprinkler system."

"Generally, when it can be determined what, according to the contract, the plaintiff would receive for that which he has done and what profit he would have realized by doing that which, without fault, he has been prevented from doing, then these sums become the legal, as they are the just, measure of his damages."Kehoe v. Rutherford, 56 N. J. Law, 23, 26, 27 A. 912, 913.The rule was differently stated by Mr. Justice Dixon in the above case as follows: "When, under a valid contract to perform a specified work for a specified price, the plaintiff has done part and has been prevented from performing completely through the fault of the defendant, the legal measure of the plaintiff's damages is generally, for the work done, such a proportion of the entire price as the fair cost of that work bears to the fair cost of the whole work, and, in respect to the work not done, such profits as he would have realized by doing it."Wilson v. Borden, 68 N. J. Law, 627, 630, 54 A. 815;Cavanagh v. Ridgefield, 94 N. J. Law, 147, 109 A. 515;Masterton v. Mayor, etc., Brooklyn, 7 Hill (N. Y.) 61, 42 Am. Dec. 38;Dillon v. Anderson, 43 N. Y. 231, 237.The difference between the cost of doing the work and the price to be paid for it is the contractor's profit and is the inducement and real consideration which causes him to enter into the contract.For this he expends his time, exerts his skill, uses his capital, and assumes the risk which attends the enterprise."To deprive him of it, when the other party has broken the contract and unlawfully put an end to the work, would be unjust."Philadelphia, Wilmington & Baltimore Railroad Co. v. Howard, 54 U. S. 307, 344, 14 L. Ed. 157;United States v. Behan, 110 U. S. 338, 4 S. Ct. 81, 28 L. Ed. 168.

Under this rule of law, the Grinnell Company was entitled to the allowance of the profits which it would have made if it had completed the contract.These constitute the measure of damages which immediately became due on the breach of the contract.Southern Pacific Co. et al. v. Darnell-Taenzer Lumber Co., 245 U. S. 531, 38 S. Ct. 186, 62 L. Ed. 451.

The further question arises as to whether the profits made on its contract with the Durant Motors Company shall be applied to the diminution of the damages to which the receivers are liable on the contract with the Willys Corporation on the principle that it was the duty of the Grinnell Company to use every reasonable effort to minimize the damages.

In contracts for personal services the rule invoked by the receivers is applicable.In such contracts it is the duty of the plaintiff to use every reasonable effort and proper opportunity to secure another contract in order to mitigate the damages caused by the breach because the plaintiff's services are in his possession.They are his own and he can dispose of them as he pleases.Olds v. Mapes-Reeve Co., 177 Mass. 41, 58 N. E. 478;Heavilon v. Kramer, 31 Ind. 241;Hendrickson v. Anderson, 50 N. C. 248.

There is another class of contracts which also require the plaintiff to make proper and reasonable efforts to render the injury caused by the breach as small as possible.These are cases in which the subject-matter of the contract remains in, or comes into, the possession of the plaintiff and without due diligence on his part additional damages after the breach may result."Public interest and sound morality accord with the law in demanding this; and if the injured party, through negligence or willfulness, allows the damages to be unnecessarily enhanced, the increased...