Guerrero de Nodahl v. Immigration & Naturalization Serv.

• Decision Date: 03 April 1969
• Docket Number: No. 22134.,22134.
• Citation: 407 F.2d 1405
• Parties: Maria Guadalupe GUERRERO de NODAHL, Petitioner, v. IMMIGRATION AND NATURALIZATION SERVICE, Department of Justice, Respondent.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Ninth Circuit

407 F.2d 1405 (1969)

Maria Guadalupe GUERRERO de NODAHL, Petitioner, v. IMMIGRATION AND NATURALIZATION SERVICE, Department of Justice, Respondent.

No. 22134.

United States Court of Appeals Ninth Circuit.

February 14, 1969.

Rehearing Denied April 3, 1969.

Howard R. Harris (argued), National City, Cal., for appellant.

Carolyn M. Reynolds (argued), Asst. U. S. Atty., Wm. M. Byrne, Jr., U. S. Atty., Frederick M. Brosio, Jr., Asst. U. S. Atty., Los Angeles, Cal., Ramsey Clark, Atty. Gen., Stephen Suffin, San Francisco, Cal., and Joseph Sureck, San Pedro, Terminal Island, Cal., Immigration and Naturalization Service, for appellee.

Before BARNES and DUNIWAY, Circuit Judges, and ^*CRARY, District Judge.

BARNES, Circuit Judge:

This is an appeal, cognizable in this court under 8 U.S.C. § 1105a, from a decision of the Board of Immigration Appeals ordering petitioner's deportation because of her April 15, 1965, conviction in the Superior Court of the State of California in and for the County of San Diego of the offense of inflicting corporal injury upon a child, as charged in an Information, in violation of section 273d of the California Penal Code.¹ The information charged that the petitioner, on the dates and place stated "* * * did wilfully, unlawfully and feloniously make an assault and inflict a corporal injury upon OSCAR NODAHL, then and there a minor child * * * of the age of nine years, and that the said assault did result in a traumatic injury to the said OSCAR NODAHL, a human being." Petitioner's sentence for the state court conviction was imprisonment for two years in the California Institute for Women.

A native and citizen of Mexico, petitioner was admitted for permanent residence in this country on June 14, 1961. The child beating for which she was convicted occurred between December 25, 1964 and January 7, 1965. On November 21, 1966, the Immigration and Naturalization Service issued an order to show cause which alleged petitioner was subject to deportation under 8 U.S.C. § 1251(a) (4) because she had been convicted of a crime involving moral turpitude within five years of her entry into this country. At the hearing pursuant to the order, petitioner admitted the allegations of fact in the order but argued that her state conviction was unfairly obtained and based on insufficient evidence.

The hearing examiner found that the only element of the requirements of the statute under which petitioner was to be deported that remained to be proved after petitioner's admission of fact, that she had been convicted as charged, was that the crime involved "moral turpitude." In ruling that moral turpitude was present in petitioner's crime, the hearing examiner stressed the fact that an element of the crime was the "willful" manner in which the injury was inflicted. The hearing examiner determined that "willful," as defined by federal criminal case law, connoted "bad motive or evil intent" and concluded that petitioner's conduct involved moral turpitude because that term "has been defined as * * * intrinsically wrong. * * *" citing Ng Sui Wing v. United States, 46 F.2d 755 (7th Cir. 1931). As a result, the hearing examiner found petitioner within the statute and ordered her deported. This decision was unsuccessfully appealed to the Board of Immigration Appeals on the theory that petitioner's crime did not involve moral turpitude because the forbidden conduct could have been prompted by a quick temper or weak character as opposed to a vicious or corrupt mind.² In rejecting this distinction, the Board pointed out that the wording of the statute³ is "cruel or inhuman corporal punishment or injury," indicating that an act within the statute might, by definition, without regard to motivation, involve moral turpitude. We agree with this analysis, and, in so doing, reject petitioner's first ground for reversal which is based on California's definition of "willful." Petitioner points out that section 7 of the California Penal Code provides, in part,

"The word `willfully,\' when applied to the intent with which an act is done or omitted, implies simply a purpose or willingness to commit the act, or make the omission referred to It does not require any intent to violate law, or to injure another, or to acquire any advantage."

Petitioner's argument is that since "willful" as defined by the California Penal Code does not contain the sinister overtones attributed to the term in federal case law, petitioner's crime does not necessarily fall within the statute. While this approach may be responsive to the rationale of the hearing examiner's opinion, it is not incompatible with our holding. Accepting "an act of baseness or depravity contrary to accepted moral standards," Pino v. Nicolls, 119 F.Supp. 122, 128 (D.Mass.), aff'd 215 F.2d 237 (1st Cir. 1954), rev'd on other...