Haldeman v. United States

• Decision Date: 13 January 1965
• Docket Number: No. 7733.,7733.
• Citation: 340 F.2d 59
• Parties: Henry J. HALDEMAN, Appellant, v. UNITED STATES of America, Appellee.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Tenth Circuit

340 F.2d 59 (1965)

Henry J. HALDEMAN, Appellant, v. UNITED STATES of America, Appellee.

No. 7733.

United States Court of Appeals Tenth Circuit.

January 13, 1965.

Stanley Fleishman, Hollywood, Cal. (Sam A. Crow, Topeka, Kan., with him on the brief), for appellant.

Newell A. George, U. S. Atty., Kansas City, Kan., for appellee.

Before PICKETT, LEWIS and BREITENSTEIN, Circuit Judges.

PICKETT, Circuit Judge.

The appellant, Haldeman, was charged in a ten-count indictment with using the United States mails to transmit booklets or advertisements of material which were obscene, lewd, lascivious, indecent and fllthy, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1461. The mailing of the material described in the several counts was admitted. Haldeman was convicted on nine counts and sentenced to imprisonment for a period of eighteen months on each count, the sentences to run concurrently. The dispositive question presented by this appeal is whether the mailed matter referred to is obscene and therefore not protected by the freedom of speech and press provisions of the First Amendment to the Constitution. We conclude that the publications in question are not obscene within the legal definition of that term.

Haldeman owned and operated a business at Girard, Kansas which printed numerous books and pamphlets relating to sex and various forms of sex deviation, without illustrations, among which were those referred to in the indictment. From these paperback booklets or pamphlets the parties selected eight as typical, and they were introduced in evidence by agreement of the parties and read by the jury. Each booklet has approximately 30 pages of text, and are bound with plain paper backs upon which is printed the subject matter contained therein, and carries the name of "D. O. Cauldwell, M.D." as the author. Seven of the booklets are reproduced questions concerning various sex problems, usually abnormal, written to the author as a sexologist. Each question is followed by the author's answer. Generally the answers are in plain language, with no evident attempt to embellish a sordid subject. The eighth book was a recitation of a variety of experiences during the medical practice of the author, relating to sex matters.¹ In his answers, the author attempted to explain the nature of the sexual activities about which inquiry was made, and in some instances to give the reason for them. All the booklets discuss revolting, nauseating, filthy and disgusting incidents, but they are no more repulsive than any discussion of the same subjects for medical, scientific, educational or general information purposes. No one contends that the conditions and experiences referred to in the booklets do not exist or continuously confront the medical profession, law enforcement officers, and society, with perplexing problems.² The record discloses without contradiction that the forms of sexual behavior described are common problems about which there is considerable literature, including discussions in many text and reference books.³

For the past decade the Supreme Court of the United States has struggled with the constitutional question here involved, but it is extremely doubtful if the solution of individual cases has been made any easier by its decisions. It is settled that "obscenity is not within the area of constitutionally protected speech or press." Roth v. United States, 354 U.S. 476, 485, 77 S. Ct. 1304, 1309, 1 L.Ed.2d 1498, rehearing denied Alberts v. State of California, 355 U.S. 852, 78 S.Ct. 8, 2 L.Ed.2d 60. What is obscene and beyond the scope of constitutional protection is ultimately for the courts to determine as a matter of law. Roth v. United States, supra; Jacobellis v. Ohio, 378 U.S. 184, 84 S.Ct. 1676, 12 L.Ed.2d 793.⁴ In determining whether a publication is obscene, the test stated in Roth and restated in Jacobellis is "whether to the average person, applying contemporary community standards, the dominant theme of the material taken as a whole appeals to prurient interest. * * *"⁵ It was recognized in Jacobellis that this test is not perfect, but any other would raise equally difficult problems, and the court emphasized that point, stating:

"We would reiterate, however, our recognition in Roth that obscenity is excluded from the constitutional protection only because it is `utterly without redeeming social importance,\' and that `the portrayal of sex, e. g., in art, literature and scientific works, is not itself sufficient reason to deny material the constitutional protection of freedom of speech and press.\'" 378 U.S. at 191, 84 S.Ct. at 1680.

The constitutional status of published materials dealing with sex is to be determined in the light of the effect it has, when taken as a whole, and not by isolated excerpts, upon the average person and not the peculiarly susceptible. Furthermore, it is only obscene when it "goes substantially beyond customary limits of candor" in the description or representation of such matters. The guarantee of the Constitution is not confined to conventional material or to the expression of views shared by a majority of citizens. Kingsley Intern. Pictures Corp. v. Regents, 360 U.S. 684, 79 S.Ct. 1362, 3 L.Ed.2d 1512.

As we have stated, the eight booklets involved in this case do not make pleasant reading, but we are convinced that it cannot be said that they are utterly without social importance or that their descriptions and representations go substantially beyond customary limits of candor. The undisputed evidence is to the contrary. It would appear from what was said in Roth and Jacobellis and the decisions which followed that published materials are obscene in a constitutional sense only when they are within the area of "hard core pornography", whatever that term may mean.⁶ Times Film Corp. v. City of Chicago, 355 U.S. 35, 78 S.Ct. 115, 2 L. Ed.2d 72; Mounce v. United States, 355 U.S. 180, 78 S.Ct. 267, 2 L.Ed.2d 187; One, Incorporated v. Olesen, 355 U.S. 371, 78 S.Ct. 364, 2 L.Ed.2d 352; Sunshine Book Co. v. Summerfield, 355 U.S. 372, 78 S.Ct. 365, 2 L.Ed.2d 352; Manual Enterprises v. Day, 370 U.S. 478, 84 S. Ct. 1432; Tralins v. Gerstein, State Atty., 378 U.S. 576, 84 S.Ct. 1903, 12 L.Ed.2d 1033; Grove Press Inc. v. Gerstein, State Atty., 378 U.S. 577, 84 S.Ct. 1909, 12 L. Ed.2d 1035; Excellent Publications, Inc. v. U. S., 1 Cir., 309 F.2d 362; Zeitlin v. Arnebergh, 59 Cal.2d 901, 31 Cal.Rptr. 800, 383 P.2d 152, cert. denied 375 U.S. 957, 84 S.Ct. 445, 11 L.Ed.2d 315; Attorney General v. Tropic of Cancer, 345 Mass. 11, 184 N.E.2d 328. The Third Circuit, in United States v. Ginzburg, 3 Cir., 338 F.2d 12, upheld a conviction under Section 1461 after determining that the publications were obscene within the rule of the foregoing cases and not entitled to constitutional protection. However, such cases as United States v. Darnell, 2 Cir., 316 F.2d 813, cert. denied 375 U.S. 916, 84 S.Ct. 205, 11 L.Ed.2d 155, ...