Hall v. McKenzie, 75-2250
| Decision Date | 28 June 1976 |
| Docket Number | No. 75-2250,75-2250 |
| Citation | 537 F.2d 1232 |
| Parties | Arthur A. HALL, Jr., Appellant, v. Arthur L. McKENZIE, Warden of the West Virginia State Penitentiary, Appellee. |
| Court | U.S. Court of Appeals — Fourth Circuit |
Frederick T. Kingdon, Mullens, W. Va. (court-appointed), for appellant.
David P. Cleek, Asst. Atty. Gen. of W. Va., and Chauncey H. Browning, Jr., Atty. Gen. of W. Va., Charleston, W. Va., on brief, for appellee.
Before HAYNSWORTH, Chief Judge, and WINTER and CRAVEN, Circuit Judges.
Arthur A. Hall, Jr., a male then in his early twenties who was convicted of the non-forcible rape of a then thirteen-year-old female, sought a writ of habeas corpus on the grounds that the West Virginia statute under which he was convicted and sentenced to a term of not less than ten nor more than twenty years violated the eighth and fourteenth amendments. The district court denied the writ, holding the statute constitutionally unobjectionable in its application to defendant, and we affirm.
The statute in question, West Virginia Code § 61-2-15, 1 covers a variety of situations. It renders unlawful:
(a) a male's forcible rape of a female not his wife;
(b) carnal knowledge by a male, over the age of sixteen, of a previously chaste female, not his wife, who is between the ages of ten and sixteen;
(c) carnal knowledge by a male, over the age of sixteen, of a female, not his wife, who is under the age of ten;
(d) carnal knowledge by a female, over the age of sixteen, of a male, not her husband, who is under the age of sixteen. 2
The statute makes the several crimes which may be committed by males felonies. Each such crime is punishable by life imprisonment unless the jury recommends mercy, in which case the offender is to be imprisoned for an indeterminate term of ten to twenty years. Upon a plea of guilty, the sentencing judge may impose a life sentence or an indeterminate term of ten to twenty years. Carnal knowledge by a female is classified as a misdemeanor punishable by confinement of only two to six months.
Our immediate reaction is that viewed as a whole the statute may be grossly infected with constitutional infirmity. The rationality of some of the variations in the elements necessary to constitute a crime among the various age groups is difficult, if not impossible, to fathom; the justification for uniform severity of sentence of male offenders and the marked disparity of severity of sentence between female and male offenders of the same age, equally so. We would think that revision of the statute to simplify it, to make apparent the reasons for whatever age classifications may be made, to adjust the range of penalties to fit the several crimes, and to correlate them would be a fruitful and fit subject for consideration by the West Virginia legislature.
However, the determination of legislative policy for the State of West Virginia is for that state and not us. Our function is limited to a determination of whether a state's legislative policy comports with the federal Constitution in a given case. The facts of this case do not warrant a plenary examination of the validity of the statute by us, 3 and we decide no more than what is necessary for a proper disposition of this case. We are concerned with a conviction falling into category (b) carnal knowledge by a male, over the age of sixteen, of a previously chaste female, not his wife, who is between the ages of ten and sixteen. Specifically, defendant, who is in his twenties, was found guilty of having non-forcible, non-marital carnal knowledge of a virgin of thirteen.
Relying on Frontiero v. Richardson, 411 U.S. 677, 93 S.Ct. 1764, 36 L.Ed.2d 583 (1973); and Reed v. Reed, 404 U.S. 71, 92 S.Ct. 251, 30 L.Ed.2d 225 (1973), Hall contends that he has been denied equal protection of the laws because he has been punished more severely than would a woman of his age who has carnal knowledge of a male who was the age of Hall's victim. We think the cases inapposite. They hold that a state may not make distinctions on the basis of sex unless "a difference in the sex (of the disadvantaged person) bears a rational relationship to a state objective that is sought to be advanced by the operation of (the law)." Reed v. Reed, 404 U.S. at 76, 92 S.Ct. at 254. Moreover, they dealt with situations in which sex-based distinctions were made in controlling access to the same benefit. In accord with them is our decision in United States v. Maples, 501 F.2d 985 (4 Cir. 1974), where we held that a difference in sex alone may not be used to justify disparate sentences for the same crime committed under the same circumstances.
But being the subject of carnal knowledge for a female of thirteen is not the same as being the subject of carnal knowledge for a male of thirteen. For immutable physiological reasons, the possible consequences for the young female are quite different from those for the young male, and the differences provide a persuasive rationale for defining the respective crimes of carnal knowledge of a male and female separately and making different the consequences of conviction. Even if we assume that the potential psychological damage arising from carnal knowledge of a male of thirteen is as great as that arising from carnal knowledge of a female of thirteen, it is obvious that there is a far greater likelihood of physical injury to a sexually immature female of thirteen than to a sexually immature male of thirteen. More important, a possible consequence of carnal knowledge of a thirteen-year-old female may be to cause her to become pregnant a physiological impossibility for a male. Thus, we think that a rational basis exists not only to treat carnal knowledge of a thirteen-year-old female as a separate, distinct and different crime from carnal knowledge of a thirteen-year-old male, but to prescribe a range of punishment different and more severe for the former than the latter.
Hall also contends that his ten to twenty-year sentence constitutes cruel and unusual punishment, citing Hart v. Coiner, 483 F.2d 136 (4 Cir. 1973), cert. denied, 415 U.S. 938, 94 S.Ct. 1454, 39 L.Ed.2d 495 (1974), and Ralph v. Warden, Maryland Penitentiary, 438 F.2d 786 (4 Cir. 1970), cert. denied, 408 U.S. 942, 92 S.Ct. 2846, 2869, 33 L.Ed.2d 766 (1972). Ralph has no application to the case at bar; it involved the imposition of the death penalty, which occupies a special place in eighth amendment jurisprudence. See...
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