Ham v. Smith, 79-2167
| Decision Date | 30 April 1981 |
| Docket Number | No. 79-2167,79-2167 |
| Parties | Gene HAM, Appellant, v. William French SMITH, et al. |
| Court | U.S. Court of Appeals — District of Columbia Circuit |
Gene Ham, pro se.
Charles F. C. Ruff, U. S. Atty., John A. Terry, John R. Fisher, and Pamela M. Sayad, Asst. U. S. Attys., Washington, D. C., were on the brief, for appellees.
Before EDWARDS and GINSBURG, Circuit Judges, and JOYCE HENS GREEN *, United States District Judge for the District of Columbia.
Opinion PER CURIAM.
In this Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) suit, the district court granted summary judgment against a pro se plaintiff, recently released from prison, without first explaining the nature of the summary judgment motion to the plaintiff or fully considering whether the plaintiff had received adequate time to respond to the defendant's motion. We conclude that the district court should have deferred disposition of the summary judgment motion pending further assurance that plaintiff had been accorded adequate time to respond and understood the risk attending failure to respond. Accordingly, we reverse.
In 1977, while he was imprisoned in South Carolina, Gene Ham submitted to the FBI an FOIA request for all information concerning him. The FBI released numerous documents, but deleted information from some of the documents. After an administrative appeal the FBI released additional information, but continued to delete material that it claims consists of names of FBI agents, names of persons of investigative interest other than Ham, the identity of a cooperating nonfederal law enforcement officer, the identity of a confidential source, confidential information furnished by a confidential source, names of persons interviewed, information supplied by local law enforcement agencies, and information furnished by informants on a regular basis. The FBI defended these deletions on the ground that the information was protected by exemptions 7(C) and 7(D) of FOIA. 1
In January 1979, while still imprisoned in South Carolina, Ham filed this pro se action seeking release of the withheld information. At a status hearing on February 22, 1979, Government counsel told the district judge that Ham, who was not present, had requested appointment of counsel. The district court denied this request, finding that there is no provision for the appointment of counsel in FOIA cases. 2
Ham was released from prison on March 23, 1979. He neglected, however, to give the district court prompt notice of his address change. Accordingly, a Government motion to dismiss the complaint or grant summary judgment was mailed on April 22, 1979, to the prison where Ham had been incarcerated. Ham apparently did not receive the motion at that time.
On May 14, 1979, Ham filed an address change with the district court. Because of this notice, the district judge directed the Government to mail another copy of the summary judgment/dismissal motion to Ham. This was done during the second week of July. In a letter notarized August 23, 1979, however, Ham informed the district court that he had not received any copy of the Government's motion until August 10. Accordingly, he requested an extension of time so that he could prepare a proper reply. 3
In an order and memorandum opinion filed August 30, 1979, the district court denied Ham's motion for an extension of time, treated the Government's motion as conceded, 4 and granted summary judgment for the Government. Alternatively, the court found that the Government's statement of points and authorities, the Government's supporting affidavits, and the entire record showed that there were no genuine issues of material fact. Based on the facts in the record, the court concluded that the FBI had properly invoked exemptions 7(C) and 7(D) since "(n)on-disclosure of the withheld material is necessary to protect the personal privacy of certain individuals and to protect the integrity of FBI investigative processes." Ham v. Bell, Civil Action No. 79-10082, slip op. at 2 (D.D.C. Aug. 30, 1979). Ham, still acting pro se, appealed the district court's grant of summary judgment.
This court has recognized that district judges should accord special attention to pro se litigants faced with summary judgment motions. In Hudson v. Hardy, 412 F.2d 1091 (D.C. Cir. 1968), the court held that before granting summary judgment against a pro se imprisoned plaintiff, the district court "as a bare minimum" should give the plaintiff "fair notice of the requirements of the summary judgment rule." Id. at 1094. This notice should include an explanation that a failure to respond to an adverse party's motion for summary judgment may result in the grant of the motion. Id. It is true that the plaintiff in Hudson was imprisoned at the time summary judgment was granted, while Ham was released from prison shortly before the Government filed its motion for dismissal or summary judgment. That circumstance, we believe, should not affect the application of Hudson to the present case. The rationale of Hudson is that a pro se imprisoned litigant suffers handicaps that may impair the effective prosecution of his claim. A pro se plaintiff, upon his release from prison during the course of litigation, is likely to be saddled with similar handicaps and therefore should receive an explanation of the risks attending failure to respond to a summary judgment motion. 5
The district court's failure to provide such an explanation is aggravated in this case by the court's denial of Ham's request for an extension of time. Local court rules require a party to file an opposition to a summary judgment motion within ten days after service of the motion. United States District Court for the District of Columbia Rule 1-9(d). Rule 6(e) of the federal rules adds three days to this period when, as in this case, service is made by mail. Ham's response to the Government's summary judgment motion, therefore, was due within thirteen days after the motion was mailed to Ham in July 1979. 6
Ham's August 23 letter, however, stated that he had not received a copy of the Government's motion until August 10, 1979, and that he needed time to prepare a proper response. If Ham's claim was true, it should count as "excusable neglect" for his failure to oppose the motion within thirteen days of the July service. 7 Moreover, if Ham received the Government's motion on August 10, his August 23 request for an extension of time was reasonably prompt, especially for a pro se litigant. Cf. Tarantino v. Eggers, 380 F.2d 465, 468 (9th Cir. 1967) (). Under these circumstances, it was an abuse of discretion for the district court to deny Ham's request without investigating whether he had in fact received the Government's motion before August 10.
The Government urges that, even if pro se litigants in Ham's position generally should be given clear information concerning court procedures, we should affirm the district court's judgment in this case because Ham's suit is frivolous. We decline, however, to address the merits of the lawsuit before Ham has had an opportunity to answer the Government's arguments. Since the district court's swift disposition deprived Ham of that opportunity, we reverse and remand.
We note, finally, that on remand the Government should remedy a defect in its Statement of Material Facts that may have further impeded Ham's ability to respond to the summary judgment motion. The Government's statement does not set out the undisputed material facts; instead, it incorporates by reference portions of affidavits previously submitted to the court. In Gardels v. CIA, 637 F.2d 770 (D.C. Cir. 1980), this court held that a Government Statement of Material Facts that merely incorporated by reference several Government affidavits was insufficient to satisfy local district court rule 1-9(h). 8 We recognize that Gardels did not lay down a general rule requiring remand whenever a party's Statement of Material Facts merely incorporates by reference information from previously submitted affidavits. As in Gardels, however, this case presents special circumstances that warrant "strict compliance" with rule 1-9(h). Gardels, 637 F.2d at 773. Ham is a pro se litigant who may have difficulty comprehending the papers that accompany a ...
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