Hamilton v. Houston

• Decision Date: 06 November 2012
• Docket Number: No. 2011–CA–01328–COA.,2011–CA–01328–COA.
• Citation: 100 So.3d 1005
• Parties: Jerrica Quinsha HAMILTON, Appellant v. Edward D. HOUSTON, Appellee.
• Court: Mississippi Court of Appeals

100 So.3d 1005

Jerrica Quinsha HAMILTON, Appellant

v.Edward D. HOUSTON, Appellee.

No. 2011–CA–01328–COA.

Court of Appeals of Mississippi.

Nov. 6, 2012.

Juan Tyress Williams, Grenada, attorney for appellant.

Edward D. Houston, appellee, pro se.

Before LEE, C.J., MAXWELL and RUSSELL, JJ.

MAXWELL, J., for the Court:

¶ 1. The ultimate goal in child-custody cases is the best interest of the child. While Mississippi law presumes a child's best interests are served by living with his natural parents, when a natural parent abandons or deserts the child, the natural-parent presumption goes away. At that point, the chancellor must determine whether it is in the child's best interest to award custody to the parent or a third party.

¶ 2. Here, the chancellor found that both Jerrica Hamilton and Edward Houston had deserted their son, Jaquavion. With the natural-parent presumption gone, the chancellor found it was in Jaquavion's best interest for custody to be awarded to his paternal grandparents, who had joined Edward's custody petition and had provided Jaquavion a home and continual financial support. Because the chancellor applied the proper legal standard and based his factual findings on clear and convincing evidence, we affirm.

Background

¶ 3. This case is a consolidation of two actions, Department of Human Services of the State of Mississippi v. Edward D. Houston (No. B–11–04–0135) and Edward D. Houston v. Jerrica Quinsha Hamilton (No. B–11–04–0163–ML). In the first, the Department of Human Services (DHS) and Edward Houston petitioned the chancellor to formally establish Edward's paternity of Jaquavion. Though Jaquavion's parents never married, Jerrica told Edward that he was the father. Edward also consistently held himself out as Jaquavion's father, and genetic DNA testing confirmed his paternity to a 99.99% probability. In the second action, Edward sought custody of his son, to change Jaquavion's surname to Houston,¹ and to obtain child support. Edward's parents, Hubert Edward and Sarah Elizabeth Houston (the Houstons), joined Edward in this action.

¶ 4. Trial testimony established that Jaquavion, who was born August 8, 2006, stayed with his mother until he was around three months old. From ages three months to six months, he lived primarily with the Houstons but would stay with his mother at his maternal grandmother's house on Wednesdays and Thursday mornings. Around the age of six months, Jaquavion began to live full-time with the Houstons and saw Jerrica only sporadically. In April 2011, when Jaquavion was five, Jerrica was arrested for drug possession, and that same month lost custody of her oldest son to his natural father, Jonathan Parker. Sarah Elizabeth testified at a custody hearing on behalf of Parker. Angered, Jerrica took Jaquavion back to live with her and her mother. A month later, in a temporary custody hearing, the chancellor awarded the Houstons temporary custody, pending the outcome of the child-custody dispute.

¶ 5. Despite the fact that both parents were, at least nominally, involved in Jaquavion's life, the trial clearly established the Houstons as Jaquavion's primary caretakers and financial supporters. According to the chancellor, “certainly this Court finds that the home where the child has remained was with the paternal grandmother, [Sarah Elizabeth].” The chancellor further found that Jerrica and Edward “have deserted, financially and emotionally, this child. And for that reason ... the natural parent presumption [is] overcome by clear and convincing evidence.” The chancellor then conducted an Albright analysis, finding the factors for the continuity of care, parental skills, stability of a home life, and employment all indicated that Jaquavion's best interests would be served by a life with the Houstons. The chancellor awarded the Houstons custody of Jaquavion and awarded both Jerrica and Edward visitation.

¶ 6. Jerrica appeals.²

Standard of Review

¶ 7. The standard of review for a child custody case is a narrow one. We will not reverse unless the chancellor made findings that are manifestly wrong or clearly erroneous or applied an improper legal standard. Mabus v. Mabus, 847 So.2d 815, 818 (¶ 8) (Miss.2003).

¶ 8. With this standard in mind, we note the Houstons did not file a responsive brief. Traditionally, the failure to file a brief was “tantamount to a confession of error.” Gary v. Gary, 84 So.3d 836, 838–39 (¶ 11) (Miss.Ct.App.2012). But “when matters on appeal touch the welfare of a minor child, then regardless of whether a party filed a brief, [we] will ‘reach the merits of the issues in [the] appeal, though we proceed unaided by a brief from the appellee.’ ” N.E. v. L.H., 761 So.2d 956, 962 (¶ 14) (Miss.Ct.App.2000) (quoting Allred v. Allred, 735 So.2d 1064 (¶ 9) (Miss.Ct.App.1999)). Following the Mississippi Supreme Court, we “make a special effort to review the record for support” for the chancellor's child-custody determination. Barber v. Barber, 608 So.2d 1338, 1340 (Miss.1992) (citations omitted).

Discussion

I. Request for Custody

¶ 9. Jerrica first asserts the chancellor could not award the Houstons custody because they had not petitioned for custody. By joining Edward's petition, Jerrica claims, the Houstons merely joined the request that Edward be awarded custody and were not asserting their own claim as Jaquavion's proper custodians. We disagree.

¶ 10. The Houstons were statutorily authorized to petition for custody. Miss.Code Ann. § 93–11–65(1)(a) (Supp.2011); see also Rutland v. Pridgen, 493 So.2d 952, 954–55 (Miss.1986) (holding the chancellor may grant grandmother custody under this statute so long as natural-parent presumption is rebutted). The Houstons were parties to Edward's custody petition. And while the petition specifically suggested Edward “should be awarded physical and legal custody,” it generally requested the chancellor “make a determination of child custody.” By joining as parties themselves, the Houstons asserted their own interest as Jaquavion's primary caretakers.

¶ 11. The polestar consideration in every child-custody action is the best interest of the child. Albright v. Albright, 437 So.2d 1003, 1005 (Miss.1983). Having found the Houstons had properly joined the child-custody action, so long as the chancellor found the natural-parent presumption had been rebutted, we find it was proper for the chancellor to consider whether it was in Jacqavion's best interest for the Houstons, as opposed to Jerrica or Edward, to receive custody.

II. Child Custody Between Natural Parent and Third Party

¶ 12. Jerrica next argues the chancellor could not award custody to the Houstons, third parties, because of the natural-parent presumption.

A. The Natural–Parent Presumption

¶ 13. In a child-custody determination between two natural parents, the chancellor considers the factors under Albright to determine which natural parent's custody would be in the best interest of the child. Lucas v. Hendrix, 92 So.3d 699, 705 (¶ 17) (Miss.Ct.App.2012) (citing Albright, 437 So.2d at 1005). But in a child-custody determination between a natural parent and a third party, such as a grandparent, the law presumes that it is in the best interest of the child for his natural parent to have custody. Id. at 705–06 (¶ 17) (citing McKee v. Flynt, 630 So.2d 44, 47 (Miss.1993)); see Lorenz v. Strait, 987 So.2d 427, 434 (¶ 41) (Miss.2008) (holding that, because “[g]randparents have no legal right [to] custody of a grandchild, as against a natural parent,” the natural-parent presumption applies in custody cases between grandparents and natural parents).

¶ 14. This presumption is “not unassailable.” In re Custody of Brown, 66 So.3d 726, 728 (¶ 10) (Miss.Ct.App.2011) (citing Vaughn v. Davis, 36 So.3d 1261, 1264 (¶ 10) (Miss.2010)). “The natural-parent presumption can be rebutted by a clear showing that (1) the parent has abandoned the child; (2) the parent has deserted the child; (3) the parent's conduct is so immoral as to be detrimental to the child; or (4) the parent is unfit, mentally or otherwise, to have custody.” Smith v. Smith, 97 So.3d 43, 46 (¶ 9) (Miss.2012) (citing Vaughn, 36 So.3d at 1264–65;In re Dissolution of Marriage of Leverock & Hamby, 23 So.3d 424, 429–30 (¶ 20) (Miss.2009); Carter v. Taylor, 611 So.2d 874, 876 (Miss.1992)). Once the presumption is rebutted, the natural parent is on equal footing with the grandparent, and the chancellor applies Albright to determine whether it is in the best interest of the child for the parent or the grandparent to have custody. Leverock, 23 So.3d at 431 (¶ 24) (citations omitted).

¶ 15. That is what the chancellor did here. After finding Jerrica and Edward had both deserted Jaquavion, the chancellor applied the Albright factors and determined it was in Jaquavion's best interest to award the Houstons custody. See Smith, 97 So.3d at 49 (¶ 17) (holding that, because the “chancellor found, and the record supported, desertion,” the “natural-parent presumption ... was properly rebutted, and an Albright analysis was justified on that basis”).

B. Clear Evidence of Desertion

¶ 16. Jerrica does not challenge how the chancellor applied the best-interest test under Albright. Instead, she asserts the chancellor should not have applied the best-interest test because there was not clear evidence she had deserted Jaquavion. Jerrica suggests, without clear evidence of desertion, she is entitled to custody based on the natural-parent presumption.

¶ 17. The Mississippi Supreme Court has defined “desertion” as forsaking a person to whom one is legally obligated or forsaking “one's duty.” Leverock, 23 So.3d at 430 n. 2 (quoting Ainsworth v. Natural Father, 414 So.2d 417, 420 (Miss.1982)). Desertion differs from abandonment in that “abandonment has to do with the relinquishment of a right or claim, whereas desertion involves an avoidance of a duty or obligation.” Id. Recently, the supreme court found a mother's “long and continuous absences, her...