Hamilton v. United States

• Decision Date: 01 April 1969
• Docket Number: No. 25467,25468.,25467
• Citation: Hamilton v. United States, 409 F.2d 928 (5th Cir. 1969)
• Parties: Acie HAMILTON, Appellant, v. UNITED STATES of America, Appellee. Lucille Tate WAKER, Appellant, v. UNITED STATES of America, Appellee.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Fifth Circuit

409 F.2d 928 (1969)

Acie HAMILTON, Appellant, v. UNITED STATES of America, Appellee.

Lucille Tate WAKER, Appellant, v. UNITED STATES of America, Appellee.

Nos. 25467, 25468.

United States Court of Appeals Fifth Circuit.

April 1, 1969.

John S. Tucker, Jr., Birmingham, Ala., for appellants.

R. Macey Taylor, J. Richmond Pearson, Asst. U. S. Attys., Macon L. Weaver, U. S. Atty., Birmingham, Ala., for appellee.

Before JOHN R. BROWN, Chief Judge, THORNBERRY, Circuit Judge, and TAYLOR, District Judge.

THORNBERRY, Circuit Judge:

Appellants Lucille Waker and Acie Hamilton, both residents of Etowah County, Alabama, were convicted by a jury of violating 26 U.S.C. § 5205(a) (2). More specifically, they were each convicted of selling eight one-gallon jugs of moonshine whiskey. The Government's only witness was an agent for the Treasury Department named McGinnis. He testified that on March 29, 1967 he went to the home of Lucille Waker concealed in the trunk of an automobile driven by a man named White. Mr. White went to the house and purchased eight one-gallon jugs of moonshine from Mrs. Waker for $72 which had been furnished by McGinnis. The agent was able to observe the transaction some distance away by means of a crude periscope which he had run from inside the trunk through the radio grill into the back seat of the automobile.

On March 31, White and McGinnis repeated the same procedure. Using the periscope, the agent saw White buy eight gallons of moonshine from Acie Hamilton for $72. Mrs. Waker was on hand to oversee the transaction. The prosecution was based entirely on testimony by McGinnis as to what he observed on March 29 and March 31. No physical evidence was introduced. Mrs. Waker and Mr. Hamilton both took the stand and categorically denied selling any whiskey to Mr. White at any time. They acknowledged having seen him at Mrs. Waker's house some time in March.

One of the contentions advanced by counsel for appellants — the one to which he devoted the least space in his brief and the U.S. Attorney none at all — persuades us to reverse for a new trial.¹ After Mrs. Waker had taken the stand and denied ever selling any whiskey to Mr. White, the prosecutor brought up a prior conviction on cross-examination:

Q. I will ask you if in 1965, in Etowah County, Alabama, if you weren\'t convicted of violating the prohibition law and fined $100.

Mr. Floyd: We object; incompetent, irrelevant and immaterial; it is not a crime involving moral turpitude.

Mr. Weaver: It is a crime involving the present crime.

The Court: It is a prior similar offense admitted to the jury not for the purpose of proving the guilt or innocence of the defendant in this case; but for the purpose of the jury, at the proper time, and I will so instruct them at the proper time, that they may consider it in considering the intent.

There was further discussion as to the nature of the prior offense with the trial judge finally instructing the jury to assume that it was for possession of taxpaid whiskey in a dry county as opposed to possession of moonshine. Mrs. Waker testified that she pled guilty and was fined $100 for possession of beer in a dry county. In his charge, the trial judge again reminded the jury that the prior offense was relevant only insofar as it might demonstrate that the particular act under consideration was done intentionally and not as a result of mistake, inadvertence, or other innocent reason.²

Absent a requirement of showing system or intent, evidence of offenses not charged in the indictment is not only inadmissible but prejudicial if admitted. Helton v. United States, 5th Cir. 1955, 221 F.2d 338, 340. But where the prior offense bears sufficient similarity to the one under inquiry and is not too remote in point of time, it is admissible as evidence on the issue of the intent with which an act was done where intent, as such, is a critical ingredient of the offense charged. Lindsey v. United States, 5th Cir. 1955, 227 F.2d 113, 117.³ The Courts recognize that a jury is likely to reach a guilty verdict for the wrong reason, i. e., by concluding from the evidence of a prior conviction that the defendant is guilty because he has a criminal disposition and is given to unlawful acts, unless their attention is properly focused on the matter of intent in a case where intent is a critical issue. For example, in a case where the question is whether something was done intentionally or accidentally, a prior similar offense might be admissible to show a greater likelihood of criminal intent. See Weiss v. United States, supra, 122 F.2d at 682. In the instant case, on the other hand, it is fairly obvious that intent, as such, was not an issue. There is great danger, enough to call for a new trial, that the jury, being unable to focus on a nonexistent issue, might have taken the prior conviction as evidence that Mrs. Waker committed the crime because she was given to violating the liquor laws.

In Baker v. United States, 5th Cir. 1955, 227 F.2d 376, which followed McClain v. United States, 5th Cir. 1955, 224 F.2d 522, this Court held the admission of prior convictions under the internal revenue liquor laws to be reversible error in a case involving the possession of untaxed liquor on the ground that intent is not an element of the offense. These cases demonstrate that intent could not possibly be considered a critical ingredient of the charge against Mrs. Waker for selling untaxed liquor: The only issue was whether she and Acie Hamilton sold moonshine to Mr. White. If the transactions occurred, defendants were guilty; if they did not occur, they were not guilty. As Judge Rives stated in a case involving automobile theft:

We think that there could have been no real question of Trice\'s criminal motive if, in fact, he changed the numbers on the stolen automobiles. Proof of the commission of the act carried with it the evident implication of a criminal intent. In such

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