Hammons v. International Playtex, Inc., C87-0235-B.

• Decision Date: 14 January 1988
• Docket Number: No. C87-0235-B.,C87-0235-B.
• Citation: 676 F. Supp. 1114
• Parties: Jarris R. HAMMONS, Plaintiff, v. INTERNATIONAL PLAYTEX, INC., a corporation, Defendant.
• Court: U.S. District Court — District of Wyoming

676 F. Supp. 1114

Jarris R. HAMMONS, Plaintiff, v. INTERNATIONAL PLAYTEX, INC., a corporation, Defendant.

No. C87-0235-B.

United States District Court, D. Wyoming.

January 14, 1988.

Larry G. Grubbs, Sandall, Cavan, Smith & Grubbs, Billings, Mont., for plaintiff.

Dan B. Riggs, Thomas J. Klepperich, Lonabaugh & Riggs, Sheridan, Wyo., for defendant.

ORDER GRANTING MOTION TO DISMISS AND DENYING MOTION FOR ENLARGEMENT OF TIME

BRIMMER, Chief Judge.

This matter came before the Court on defendant's motion to dismiss pursuant to Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(b)(6). The Court, having reviewed the pleadings and being fully advised in the premises, FINDS and ORDERS as follows:

This is an action for personal injuries resulting from the plaintiff's use of Playtex tampons. The underlying causes of action are based on Wyoming law. Federal jurisdiction is predicated upon diversity of citizenship. The defendant now moves to dismiss, arguing that the statute of limitations bars the action. The issue is whether in a diversity action this Court must apply Rule 3(b) of the Wyoming Rules of Civil Procedure (hereinafter "Wyoming Rule 3(b)") in determining whether a complaint is barred by the statute of limitations. The Court concludes that the statute of limitations must be read in connection with Wyoming Rule 3(b), that this case was not commenced within the prescribed time, that the action accordingly is time-barred, and that the motion to dismiss must therefore be granted.

Personal injury actions must be commenced within four years after the cause of action accrues. Wyo.Stat. § 1-3-105(a)(iv)(C) (1977); Ogle v. Caterpillar Tractor Co., 716 P.2d 334, 337 (Wyo. 1986). Civil actions normally commence upon filing of a complaint. Fed.R.Civ.P. 3; Wyo.R.Civ.P. 3(a). Wyoming's Rules of Civil Procedure, however, further provide that:

For purposes of statutes of limitation, an action shall be deemed commenced on the date of filing the complaint ... if service is made on the defendant within sixty (60) days after the filing of the complaint. If such service is not made within sixty (60) days the action shall be deemed commenced on the date when service is made.

Wyo.R.Civ.P. 3(b). A complaint must be served within sixty days in order for the action to commence on the date the complaint was filed. If it is not, the action commences on the date of service of process.

In this case, plaintiff's injury occurred on June 23, 1983. Her complaint was filed on June 22, 1987, one day before the statute of limitations expired. Service of process was not effected until October 13, 1987. Thus, 113 days elapsed from the filing of the complaint until the defendant was served with a summons and complaint. If Rule 3 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure (hereinafter "Federal Rule 3") governs, the action commenced within the four-year statute of limitations. Under Wyoming Rule 3(b), however, the action commenced on October 13, 1987, a time substantially exceeding the statutory period.

The plaintiff contends that Wyoming Rule 3(b) is merely procedural and not binding on this Court, citing Hanna v. Plumer, 380 U.S. 460, 85 S.Ct. 1136, 14 L.Ed.2d 8 (1965). Decisions of the United States Supreme Court and of the Tenth Circuit Court of Appeals dispel this argument.

Except in matters controlled by the United States Constitution or by Acts of Congress, state law governs actions brought in federal court. Erie R.R. Co. v. Tompkins, 304 U.S. 64, 78, 58 S.Ct. 817, 822, 82 L.Ed. 1188 (1938). State statutes of limitations also apply in diversity cases. Guaranty Trust Co. v. York, 326 U.S. 99, 109-10, 65 S.Ct. 1464, 1469-70, 89 L.Ed. 2079 (1945). In Ragan v. Merchants Transfer & Warehouse Co., 337 U.S. 530, 533, 69 S.Ct. 1233, 1234-35, 93 L.Ed. 1520 (1949), the Court rejected the argument that Federal Rule 3 governs the time in which actions are commenced in federal court for purposes of tolling state statutes of limitations. Instead, the Court held that state service of summons statutes supply the applicable rule. Id. at 533-34, 69 S.Ct. at 1234-35. If a valid Federal Rule of Civil Procedure addresses an issue, however, contrary state rules may be ignored. Hanna v. Plumer, 380 U.S. at 474, 85 S.Ct. at 1145-46 (holding that Fed.R.Civ.P. 4(d)(1) governs the method of service of process in a diversity action). See also id. at 476, 85 S.Ct. at 1146-47 (Harlan, J., concurring) (suggesting that Ragan and Hanna cannot be reconciled).

The Court reaffirmed Ragan in Walker v. Armco Steel Corp., 446 U.S. 740, 100 S.Ct. 1978, 64 L.Ed.2d 659 (1980), a products liability action. Federal jurisdiction was based on diversity of citizenship. Id. at 741-42, 100 S.Ct. at 1980-81. Although the complaint was filed within the two-year statute of limitations, under state law the action was not deemed to have commenced until service of process on the defendant. Id. at 742-43, 100 S.Ct. at 1981-82. The district court dismissed the complaint as time-barred. The Tenth Circuit Court of Appeals and the United States Supreme Court affirmed. Id. at 743-44, 100 S.Ct. at 1981-82.

The case presented the issue of "whether in a diversity action the federal court should follow state law or, alternatively, Rule 3 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure in determining when an action is commenced for the purposes of tolling the state statute of limitations." Id. at 741, 100 S.Ct. at 1980. The Court held that, when the underlying cause of action is based on state law and federal jurisdiction is based on diversity of citizenship, state law not only furnishes the applicable limitation period but also determines whether service of process must be effected within that period. Id. at 752-53, 100 S.Ct. at 1986. The Court saw no reason why:

... in the absence of a controlling federal rule, an action based on state law which concededly would be barred in the state courts by the state statute of limitations should proceed through litigation to judgment in federal court solely because of the fortuity that there is diversity of citizenship between the litigants. The policies underlying diversity jurisdiction do not support such a distinction between state and federal plaintiffs, and Erie and its progeny do not permit it.

Id. at 753, 100 S.Ct. at 1986.

These considerations apply with equal force in this case. The purpose of the Erie doctrine is "to insure that, in all cases where a federal court is exercising jurisdiction solely because of the diversity of citizenship of the parties, the outcome of the litigation should be substantially the same ... as it would be if tried in a State court." Guaranty Trust Co. v. York, 326 U.S. at 109, 65 S.Ct. at 1470. The rule has the twin goals of discouraging forum-shopping and avoiding inequitable administration of the law. Hanna v. Plumer, 380 U.S. at 468, 85 S.Ct. at 1142. If this Court now declines to follow Wyoming law, an action clearly barred in state law would be permitted to proceed in federal court. Two different results would obtain, creating an incentive for litigants to shop between the two court systems. The rationale of Walker and of the Erie line of cases compels the Court to use Wyoming Rule 3(b) in determining whether the statute of limitations has been tolled. Hunt v. Broce Constr., Inc., 674 F.2d 834, 836 (10th Cir.1982). See also Kitchens v. Bryan County Nat'l Bank, 825 F.2d 248, 254 (10th Cir.1987) (state's tolling rules generally to be applied in diversity cases); Cook v. G.D. Searle & Co., Inc., 759 F.2d 800, 802 (10th Cir.1985) (same result).

Hanna v. Plumer does not alter this result. The rule announced in Hanna applies only when state and federal rules directly collide. Walker v. Armco Steel Corp., 446 U.S. at 749, 750, 100 S.Ct. at 1985. Unlike the situation in Hanna, the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure do not cover the point in dispute. Federal Rule 3 states that "a civil action is commenced by filing a complaint with the court." Fed. R.Civ.P. 3. As the Supreme Court observed:

There is no indication that Federal Rule 3 was intended to toll a state statute of limitations, much less that it purported to displace state tolling rules for purposes of state statutes of limitations. In our view, in diversity actions Rule 3 governs the date from which various timing requirements of the Federal rules begin to run, but does not affect state statutes of limitations.

Walker v. Armco Steel Corp., 446 U.S. at 750-51, 100 S.Ct. at 1985 (footnotes and citations omitted). Wyoming Rule 3(b), however, expressly addresses tolling of the statute of limitations. Federal Rule 3 and Wyoming Rule 3(b) thus serve different purposes. One governs the timing requirements of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure; the other determines when the statute of limitations is tolled by commencement of an action. Accordingly, there is no direct collision between Federal Rule 3 and Wyoming Rule 3(b).

Nor does Wyoming Rule 3(b) conflict with Rule 4(j) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, which provides that:

If a service of the summons and complaint is not made upon a defendant within 120 days after the filing of the complaint and the party on whose behalf such service was required cannot show good cause why such service was not made within that period, the action shall be dismissed as to that defendant without prejudice upon the court's own initiative with notice to such party or upon motion.

Fed.R.Civ.P. 4(j). The 120-day limit on service is intended to encourage more efficient litigation by reducing the time between commencement of an action under Rule 3 and service of process. 4A C. Wright & A. Miller, Federal Practice and Procedure § 1137 at 385 (1987). Rule 4(j), like the other provisions of Rule 4, regulates the method and timing of service of process in the federal courts. Hanna v. Plumer, 380 U.S. at 474, 85 S.Ct. at 1145-46; Kitchens v. Bryan County Nat'l Bank, 825 F.2d at 255. In contrast, Wyoming Rule 3(b) is a statement by Wyoming's highest court that service on the...